Matrix Metalloproteinases Essay -- Biology, Science Experiments

Matrix metalloproteinases are members of a large family of enzymes that can degrade extracellular intercellular substance as well as other molecules 1. MMPs participate in a broad variety of normal and pathologic states 2, and have been implicated as latent mediators of cardiac dilation and heart failure. Indeed, in culture cells 3,4, animal models mimicking the CHF syndrome 5,6 and CHF patients 7-9, a mechanistic relationship has been demonstrated respect to myocardial MMP expression and left ventricular (LV) remodeling process 3-9. Likewise, recent reports on endothelial culture cells 10-12 and animal models of CHF 13,14 have shown that the increase of expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (called gelatinases) might also play an important fictional character in the impairement of endothelial function, a key event contributing on morbidity and mortality in CHF patients 15. However, data respect to the role of MMPs on endothelial dysfunction in the setting of human CHF is comp letely unknown. T herefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association between the activity of gelatinases and endothelial dysfunction in patients with CHF. We hypothesized that a higher plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities correlate with a lower endothelial function in patients with CHF.We included CHF patients, NYHA functional class II-III controlled in a university clinical center. tout ensemble patients signed an informed consent approved by our institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee. Inclusion criteria were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ...esented here share new clinical evidence suggesting a possible participation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the genesis and progression of endothelial dysfunction, suggesting an active role of MMPs in this event. The main(prenominal) limitations of the present study were the limited number of patients, the presence of standard pharmacological therapy administered that may influence our results and such a correlations rep orted here did not demostrate a cause-effect relationship, but there is experimental evidence that could sustain our results. Further studies are clearly required to address this issue for exploring the causal relationships between these proteases and the pathophysiology of endothelial function.AcknowledgementsThe authors of this disseminated multiple sclerosis have certified that they comply with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology 20.

The Roots of Our Digital World Essay -- Technology Essays

The Roots of Our Digital WorldTodays world revolves around the storing, organization, and communication of information. bit the world today may seem new and unique, this digital world arose out of a combination of many smaller gaits that varied from innovations corresponding a new discovery in science or a new philosophical outlook. In their writings Lev Manovich, a professor of New Media at San Diego University, and Dr. Simon Cook, an Economics professor at Duke University, have developed of a history of what lead to the organic evolution of the visual world. Manovich claims that the digital revolution came in a three-step process. The jump took place in the time period between 1870 and 1920. Manovich believes that during this time period, called the late Victorian, a change occurred in the cultural attitude toward vision. This change was seen in the development of various forms of visual reasoning by scholars like Galton, Venn, and Einstein. The next step occurred after World War II. The world had seen large advances in technology and industry. Because of this change, the thespian began to do less physical labor and a shift in focus from developing physical efficiency to mental efficiency occurred. The last step has occurred in the modern times. Here the shift focused on the development and dominance of the computer (Cook 2). Cook agrees with Manovichs three- step theory, but feels that Manovich has left out a few important aspects of this visual history. The basic structure of Manovichs claim seems correct, but aspects of the development of late-Victorian visual representations were neglected or incorrectly viewed as unimportant. Cook believes that the more(prenominal) emphasis should be placed on the influence of mathematics in Galton and ... ... Reasoning and a Modern History of Vision. Online Text. http//www.duke.edu/sjc68/academic/montreal.doc. 8 March 2002.Dodgson, Charles (aka. Lewis Carroll), The back of Logic. Online Text. 1886. http//www.li b.duke.edu/pdf/ll1513.pdf. 8 March 2002.Ferrell. Keith Graphical user interface. World Book Online Americas Edition. http//www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/722716. 8 March 2002. -- Internet. World Book Online Americas Edition. http//www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/279620. 8 March 2002. Perini, Lynda. Fax machine. World Book Online Americas Edition. http//www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/192830. 8 March 2002. Venn, John, On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical federal agency of Propositions and Reasonings, 1880. Online Text. http//www.lib.duke.edu/pdf/ll1512.pdf. 8 March 2002.

gay people Essay -- essays research papers

The topic I picked is Homosexual people should have the right and the liberty like what straight people have in this world. I cerebrate this topic is very controversial because in the U.S. Most homosexual people especi all in ally males, get discriminated because of what they feel having attractiveness to their same sex. Most people in the U.S. are str8 and most people see that being human being or lesbian is wrong and it is not right to show it off and be noble-minded of it.An otherwise point why this topic is very controversial is when gay people marry each other. M whatsoever people trust and many religions believe it is very wrong to marry the same sex person.For example in the Roman Catholic travel alongings. The church is totally against gay and lesbian relationships, because it if you do follow the gay and lesbian side its considered a big sin because in the teachings of GOD and Jesus you have to be with the opposite sex so you lowlife amaze life.The 2 perspectives th at are drawn on this topic is that the 1st perspective is that you see the topic as very reasonable. For instance you do mark off with the topic and you do want to follow what it says. The 2nd perspective is that you disagree with the topic and say that gay and lesbians should have the rights or as much freedom as straight people because they are different than most people.The side that I want to represent is the one that I am with the perspective that sees that gay and lesbians should have the freedom to do whatever they want and with whom ever they want. To me I am not gay myself, and I do not have any problems with these kinds of people. As long as they do not touch Im cool with them. The reason I support the 1st perspective is because in this country the U.S. it is a free country and you can do whatever you want that is not crime committed or have to do anything that kills other people.Homosexual people do not have the freedom, yet they still fight for their right to be homosex ual. People around the U.S. are against the homosexual concept. What I do not understand is why do you have to be against this gay and lesbian concept in the 1st place? 1st of all what to do homosexuals have to do in your life they do not interfere into you personal life. So why do you have to discriminate and make fun of the peo... ...ot see the side of whom they are inside, merely they only see what they are. A lot of people judge each other by a different number of things. But the most discrimination next to racism is homosexuality. The reason a lot of people think it is wrong because they think it is dismal and it is not normal for other people to see homosexuals kissing or engaging in sexual intercourse.Overall Homosexuals have it hard in the U.S. but not only here but around the world, some countries or religions kill people if they are gay. What I think about that is that I think its very wrong and people do not realize that being gay is very hard, and they cant be put in their shoes to see how it is. The whole problem is that people of different aspects or view have been discriminated because of what they believe in and what they want to act in. So what I want to say is that homosexuals should have the same equal rights and the same amount of freedom as straight people because in this world it does not take who, what you are, but it does matter how you contribute to this world and how people make it a better place.

Energy :: essays research papers

-The pump found in the tropical oceans is responsible for the flowment of straining and the surface ocean over most of the globe. The energy source that drives this pump is solar radiation syndrome sickness from the sun.-The second pump is the deep ocean circulation which is also drive by the sun.-The third pump is the heating of the earths interior by radioactive decay and radiation of heat causes plate tectonics and continents to move. This dogged term pump has ceased in Mars.-The winds and ocean currents redistribute the energy received from the Sun-Air moves from senior high pressure areas to low pressure areas horizontally collectible to horizontal differences in pressure.-As a parcel of channelise warms up it becomes more buoyant and the air rises. Warmer air has less density.-Pressure differences among air masses are typically related to the distribution of surface temperatures-The radiation reaching the Earth is spread over larger and larger areas as we move from the equator to the poles. You get more light per unit area at the equator than at high latitudes. -The incoming solar radiation varies with latitude and seasons, whereas the outgoing terrestrial radiation depends on the temperature at the surface and atmosphere. -Primary causes for temperature distribution on earth are because its warmer at the equator and colder at higher latitudes.-The solar radiation absorbed at the surface varies with cloud cover and atmospheric absorption. -Heated air rises at the equator causing air to move towards the equator. This converging air makes up the intertropical convergence zone. -Rising air cools which causes it to loose its water in the form of rain. -Areas of rising air cause low pressures. -The warmer stratosphere acts as a barricade to the rising warm air causing it to spread out and diverge. As the air diverges it becomes more and more cooler and it sinks at 30 degrees N/S of the equator (Hadley cellular telephone)-Most of the earths deserts a re located at about 30 degrees N/S of the equator. Descending air causes an area of high pressure at this 30 degrees N/S-Hadley Cell the convergence occurring in the tropics and divergence some 30 degrees N/S of it is called the Hadley Cell.-The Hadley Cell and the ITCZ are not continuous around the globe. -The equatorward-moving cold air meets the warm air moving poleward from the subtropics producing a zone of steep temperature gradients called the polar preceding zone at approximately 60 degrees N/S latitude.

industrial revlution study :: essays research papers

SEC 1 Industrial revolution- widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that transformed sylvan economies into industrial onesAgricultural revolution- second Agricultural revolution it greatly improved the quality and quantity of farm products Crop rotation - the successive cultivation of unlike crops in a specified order on the same fields, in contrast to a one-crop system or to haphazard crop successions. Charles Townshend British chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British-American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the U.S. War of Independence. Also urged the use if turnips to restore exhausted soil Jethro Tull invented the seed drill Robert Bakewell breed stronger horses female monarch George wrote articles about his model farm near Wi ndsor castle Enclosure movement the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly divided up by peasant farmers Population Explosion the agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of Population the Population of Europe jump form long hundred million to 190 million Energy revolution- the invented mind of the 1700s found ways to use water power more efficiently Thomas Newcomen invented a steam engine that ran on coal. It was use to pump water out of mines mob Watt James improved on Newcomen steam engine Matthew Boulton James Watts partner who saw the potential of the steam engine SEC 2 The Crystal Palace The immense structure that house the great exhibition a display of the works of industry Factory System Capital wealth to invest in enterprises such as mines, railroads, and factories Samuel Crompton discoverer of the spinning mule George Stephenson inventor of the steam powered locomotive Michael Faraday inventor of the dynamo Cotton Gin invented by El i Whitney helped separate seeds out of cotton

industrial revlution study :: essays research papers

SEC 1 Industrial revolution- widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the eighteenth century and is still continuing in some parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones rural revolution- second Agricultural revolution it greatly improved the quality and quantity of farm products Crop rotation - the successive cultivation of different crops in a specified order on the same fields, in contrast to a one-crop system or to haphazard crop successions. Charles Townshend British Chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the revenue enhancement of the British-American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the U.S. War of Independence. Also urged the use if turnips to restore exhausted soil Jethro Tull invented the seed drill Robert Bakewell breed stronger horses King George wrote articles about his influence farm near Windsor castle Enclosure movement the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by tike farmers Population Explosion the agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of Population the Population of Europe jump form 120 million to one hundred ninety million Energy revolution- the invented mind of the 1700s found ways to use water power more efficiently Thomas Newcomen invented a steam locomotive engine that ran on coal. It was use to pump water out of mines James Watt James improved on Newcomen steam engine Matthew Boulton James Watts partner who power saw the potential of the steam engine SEC 2 The Crystal Palace The immense structure that house the great exhibition a display of the flora of industry Factory System Capital wealth to invest in enterprises such as mines, railroads, and factories Samuel Crompton inventor of the spinning mule George Stephenson inventor of the steam power locomotive Michael Faraday inventor of the dyn amo Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney helped separate seeds out of cotton

How Successful Were the Liberal Government in Years 1906-1914 in Bringing About Political and Institutional Reform

How successful were the Liberal government in years 1906-1914 in bringing near political and institutional revitalize (24) The Liberal government of 1906-1914 under Bannerman and Asquith is one often recalled for its extensive reform of the welfare system in the linked Kingdom. However, it was their political and constitutional reform which caused the most uproar, as they were arguably the most successful government of the 20th century in regards to changing the way Britain was governed.Their greatest achievement was the 1911 Parliament fleck where they managed to get the Lords to bell ringer a bill limiting their own power. When the Liberals came into power in 1906 the Conservatives held a startling majority in the House of Lords due to their means of the slopped and the landowners. This meant that if the Liberals wished to put forward and legislation or alter the constitution in which in which the Conservatives disagreed then the Lords could simply veto the decision whether or non the Commons agreed with it.This angered the Liberals, particularly Lloyd George who at the time needed to obtain ? 15000000 to go towards the welfare reforms and to new warships and planned to from the Peoples budget, which was levyation this money from the rich. He believed this would gain support from the working classes by showing that they didnt need to vote for socialists to have a say. The taxes were to increase the tax at over ? 3000 and ? 5000 and were to impose an inheritance tax of 20%. The Lords did veto this bill and so it led to the first general election of 1910.The Liberals claimed that the Lords were the selfish rich who werent willing to help the country, whereas the Conservatives tried to appeal to the wealthy stating that this would lead to social revolution and that is was the duty of the House of Lords to block controversial policy that the public hadnt voted on. The Liberals won with a 2 seat majority and the support of the Irish Nationalists who were hoping to obtain kinsfolk Rule by the Liberal government which led to the tax being passed.This Liberal win led to the second constitutional crisis where the Liberals pushed a bill which sought to remove the power of the House of Lords to veto bills and replace it with a power of suspensory veto, to delay a bill for 2 years yet remove their power entirely to alter money bills. The Lords spurned this over again which led to Asquith going to King Edward VII asking him to create much Liberal peers which he agreed to but died before he could bring this reality.His give-and-take King George V preferred a to a greater extent consensual agreement between the two parties and this led to the 1910 constitutional conference where the conservatives offered to reform Lords powers, yet the Liberals rejected this and the conference ended in November which led to the second 1910 general election. Both parties obtained the most seats but again the Liberals were adequate to(p) to maintain go vernment through their backing from the Irish Nationalist Party and Labour. The Commons passed the bill of reform in 1911 and it was eventually passed through the Lords when the Liberals and the Conservative rats outvoted the ditchers by 131 votes to 114.This limited the Lords powers but prevented the rear from being swamped with new Liberal peers. This subject caused such division that Balfour was forced to resign leadership in 1911 which led to the Conservatives almost falling apart. All of this was a great success for the Liberals as it created a much more evenly democratic country as it meant that the elected House of Commons was now the square power of the country whereas the non-elected House of Lords had effectively lost all of its true power. Such was the effectiveness of this change no attempt to further reform the Lords was do until 1999 by Blairs Labour.Another great achievement was the Payment of MPs Act. Until 1910 MPs had no in happen from government for being an MP and so it was generally only the wealthy gentlemen of leisure that could sustain to live in London without having to work that had time for governance. This meant that the working classes had very little representation as they could simply not afford to be an MP. Attempts had been made throughout the 19th century to introduce payment for MPs but had never got through the commons yet in 1910 a vote of 265 to 173 in favour of payment of MPs (largely due to Labour pressure) passed through the Commons and Lords.This bill paid MPs ? 400 a year, which is more than most of the lower working class earned anyway and so meant many men could put themselves forward who normally would not have been able to. This led to the rise of the Labour party as they represented the working poor and therefore got their votes. It again was another act by the Liberals to introduce more representation to the governing of the United Kingdom and this, arguably and ironically, led to their downfall. Their last act before the outbreak of the war was to pass the Third Irish Home Rule bill through the Commons and, due to the reduction of Lords power, the Lords.This is not a success although some view it was one as it almost leads to a division of the country and a elegant war in Ireland. The John Carson set up the Ulster Volunteers to oppose any home rule law and had thousands of Ulsterman sign the Ulster Covenant where they agreed to oppose any home rule by any means necessary they openly received support from the Conservatives and by the army as was seen at the Curragh mutiny where the army all resigned before they were ordered to attack the Ulstermen.They also managed to sneak 30000 rifles and ammunition into Ireland they meant business. The Irish Voulunteers (who were the predecessor of the IRA) set up to oppose the Ulstermen and also gathered arms. Emergency talks were being held at Buckingham palace to resolve this issue but broke down and it looked live civil war and treason was i nevitable, yet war broke out at the eleventh hour and the Liberals rectified the issue by sending the patriotic Ulster Volunteers straight person to the Western front where they were mostly all killed on the frontline.Over the period of office leading up to the war the Conservatives did have the two main breakthroughs in that they brought about the payment of MPs and managed to defeat the Lords in several cases and ultimately managed to curb their power and this led to the modern democracy we still enjoy in the United Kingdom today and it is for these reasons that they were successful, they brought about the largest constitutional reform then we saw in the 20th century and it is unlikely that such reform will come about in our state again unless we are to codify the constitution at some point or abolish the Lords entirely.

Aristotle and Metaphysics Essay

Introduction The schooling of metaphysics is a broad spectrum of comprehensive ideas that ultimately serve to discover the generalities of serviceman thought. Without Aristotle, the concept of metaphysics would cease to exist. Taking this into consideration, it is evident that Aristotle plays a major part in the study of metaphysics and how we know it today. Therefore, he formulated the basic entities of metaphysics and constructed its foundation through with(predicate) his own philosophies.Also, after reviewing material presented by Socrates and Plato, Aristotle is able to develop an appreciation of causes and substance and how it relates to metaphysics. Furthermore, actuality and potentiality are philosophical ideas that Aristotle discusses throughout his evolutionary thought-provoking beliefs. by these instances, it is clear that Aristotle has an undoubtedly significant impact on the study of metaphysics and how it first originated. Aristotle and Metaphysics Since Aristotle f ounded the main ideas of metaphysics, we can assume that his affiliation with it is indis assembleably notable.By using the ideas he established, he is able to review the cerebrations previously held by other philosophers and challenge them. When other philosophers are told that they are wrong, they will go into grave detail to explain their opinion or idea. This ultimately delivers a substantial amount of depth in discussion and enhances the study of metaphysics as a whole. In addition to reviewing other philosophers ideas, Aristotle analyzes the causes and principles rear end certain last-making and the options they have to consider.He attempts to reason with why people make the choices they do and also touches upon subjects such as free will, determinism, and topics of that nature (Aristotles Metaphysics). Essentially, Aristotle is an undeniably brilliant mind who challenges others thoughts in order to better themselves as critical thinkers and improve the study of metaphysics . Furthermore, without a doubt, Aristotle abetted the development of metaphysics through the use of his own personalised philosophies. For instance, in book Alpha, Aristotle proclaims a famous sentence that reads All men by nature desireto know. He claims that we are all constantly in the pursuit of gaining intricate knowledge and applying it to our lives. Since this proclamation is originated by Aristotle himself, he decides that he is going to become very critical of other ideas. He brings out the untroubled and weak points within each idea in an effort to assist others with developing their own understanding of metaphysics. The purpose of Aristotle leading others to formulate their own ideas is to poking them, and the rest of civilization, towards the ultimate achievement wisdom (CITATION NEEDED).By guiding others to the best of his ability, Aristotle is considered to be a benefactor for the study of metaphysics and how it has progressed overtime. Causes and Substance Long ago , Aristotle developed an winning idea that has been expanding for two millennia. It is the idea that true knowledge is the knowledge of ultimate causes. Since this idea confronts the common wonder of why things happen, it will ultimately benefit the study of metaphysics. Moreover, in an effort to fully understand how to attain true knowledge, Aristotle takes the liberty of organizing the types of causes into four simple kinds.The formal cause is when a decision is made because individual is abiding by a particular plan. Additionally, the final cause is when a reaction sprouts an action is done with a purpose. The material cause is when a decision is made based on the altercating components that are affecting the potential solution. Also, the efficient cause is when a decision is made in an effort to initiate exchange in a respective situation (CITATION NEEDED). Through these theoretical causes established by Aristotle, the idea of true knowledge is sufficiently easier to grasp.Th erefore, we are greatly aided with the enduring quest of understanding metaphysics in its entirety. Actuality and potentiality In book Theta, Aristotle discusses the difference between actuality and potentiality and relates it back to the study of how we interpret thoughts and ideas throughout metaphysics. Potentiality is considered to be the numerous amounts of options that we may or may not pursue throughout our lives. On the other hand, actuality is not our options, but rather our final outcomes.To put it into perspective, a person is born with the potential to be a professional quarterback, a chemical engineer, or anything else for that matter. However, it is not until they have become the quarterback or the engineer that they have reached actuality. (Aristotles Metaphysics). Given that the basic ideas of actuality and potentiality are considered to be lofty contributions to the general understanding of thought, it can be assumed that Aristotles involvement with metaphysics is undeniably momentous. Conclusion.The fundamental ideas of metaphysics were brought into the world by Aristotle himself. Also, without his basic philosophies, much of the understanding we have on metaphysics may not have been discovered. He plays a critical part in the early stages of discussion when he attempts to challenge the minds of other philosophers in an effort to further advance the study of metaphysics. Additionally, Aristotle expands on the understanding of true knowledge through the causes and substance we endure throughout our lives.Considering that actuality and potentiality are both important topics of discussion in regards to metaphysics, Aristotle portrays an immense amount of sizeableness that is irrefutably unparalleled. All in all, Aristotles involvement with the origination and the forever-expanding details of metaphysics is commodiously prevalent and will forever be an influential part of our society as a whole. Works Cited Aristotles Metaphysics. Stanford En cyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, 08 Oct. 2000. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach

full-dress and cosy Communication An Organizational Approach By Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number 43005860 readiness of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 crochet This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and versed parley and its usage in organizational approach. Although two formal and folksy intercourse support the well-organism of organizations, studies suggest that lax confabulation has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived some benefits and some(prenominal) ch tout ensembleenges. Managers should know how to share ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the guild and everyplacecome the obstacles it might create. Many researches have analyze and given results on this publication and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in sustenance, from somebodya l to professional issues. It is undeniable that it supports the full point of social life and friendships creamflow. It has been taking an valuable role in organizations therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational conference. It is believed that both formal and loose talk affect rganizations productivity (Litterst & Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, everyday communication is less controllable and unstructured. unceremonial communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). semi-formal AND everyday conference AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 go on Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational surgical process, managers should be able to manage the flow of non besides formal, but withal informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving inside the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most hard-hitting use of every resourcefulness available and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealings with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to fix messages with with(predicate) different product lines, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links battalion together and creates relationship. In gear up to create a fortunate communication, t requires triple elements they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understand so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by happen and Gamble (2002), communicati on is the budge of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, impart, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben & Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an turn of information.Ruben & Stewart (2006) also stated that success in ones career may well depend on communication. not only in the unmarried performance, communication also determines organizations performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL dialogue AN ORGANIZATIONAL progress communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow of communication within the same level of conjunction, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in an some other division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are ordinarily used are meetings, conference, earpiece calls, confederacy bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can influence similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst & Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, periodic and spread through word-? of-? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individu als and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011). there are four flows in communication networks the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is remark hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probability chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to person else and the fourth one is the practice bundling chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMA L COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Flexibility Degree of control Evidence develop Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary check is not followed formal channels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline ascend of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988 Jablin, 1987), differentiation of restriction and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988 Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Mean spell, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH Speed cover Rumor Distortion beat MisunderstandingCost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive rattling low Very prompt Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted little time occur little expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving companys mission. However, in terms of ethnical means, formal communication is sensed as a more appropriat e way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and preferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company assiduous more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this companys existence. However, this company concerns roughly its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-? of-? mouth on the finis of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to wo rking for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research ofAndrea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral pissing and sluttish drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its rivalry was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the cognitive operation of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is analyze the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communicati on ameliorate over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested that formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo & Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on diverse objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method acting of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communication can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good value of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C & Romando, P 2011, Case study understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, Formal and informal communication channels in creatingFormal and Informal Communication an Organizational ApproachFormal and Informal Communication An Organizational Approach By Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and info rmal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevitable that it supports the flow of social life and companys workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization s productivity (Litterst & Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage the flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource available and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben & Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information.Ruben & Stewart (2006) also stated that success in ones career may well depend on communicat ion. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organizations performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow of communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communica tion within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst & Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-? of-? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011). There are four flows in communication networks the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probability chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the clust er chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Flexibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal channels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flo w of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988 Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988 Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time MisunderstandingCost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstandin g may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving companys mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and preferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this companys existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-? of-? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research ofAndrea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnov er was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested that formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo & Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be conclu ded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communication can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C & Romando, P 2011, Case study understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, Formal and informal communication channels in creating

Roland Barthes the Death of the Author

The Death of the Author In his story Sarrasine, Balzac, speaking of a castrato disguised as a wo creation, imports this reprobate It was Wo mankind, with her sudden fears, her superstitious whims, her instinctive fears, her unprovoked bravado, her daring and her delicious delicacy of feeling Who is speaking in this carriage? Is it the storys hero, concerned to ignore the castrato concealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal mystify with a philosophy of Woman?Is it the author Balzac, professing sealed literary ideas of femininity? Is it universal wisdom? or romantic psychology? It will ever be impossible to know, for the good reason that all musical composition is itself this special voice, consisting of several indiscernible voices, and that publications is on the nose the invention of this voice, to which we mountainnot assign a specific origin writings is that neuter, that composite, that oblique into which ein truth subject escapes, the tr ap where all identity element is lost, beginning with the very identity of the body that writes.Probably this has always been the case once an action is recounted, for intransitive ends, and no longer in dress to act directly upon reality that is, finally orthogonal to any function precisely the very exercise of the symbol this disjunction occurs, the voice loses its origin, the author enters his own death, writing begins.Nevertheless, the feeling about this phenomenon has been variable in primitive societies, narrative is neer undertaken by a person, but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose per bring inance may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his genius The author is a modern jut, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at the end of the put ages, with English empiricism, French rationalism and the personal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, or, to put it more nobly, of the human person Hence i t is logical that with regard to literature it should be positivism, resume and the result of capitalist ideology, which has accorded the greatest importance to the authors personThe author still rules in manuals of literary history, in biographies of writers, in magazine interviews, and eventide in the aw beness of literary men, anxious to unite, by their private journals, their person and their work the image of literature to be found in contemporary polish is tyrannically centered on the author, his person, his history, his tastes, his passions criticism still consists, ost of the time, in saying that Baudelaires work is the failure of the man Baudelaire, Van Goghs work his madness, Tchaikovskys his vice the explanation of the work is always sought in the man who has produced it, as if, through the more or less transparent allegory of fiction, it was always finally the voice of champion and the uniform person, the author, which delivered his confidence. Though the Authors em pire is still very powerful (recent criticism has often merely consolidated it), it is evident that for a long time now certain writers have attempted to topple it. In France, Mallarme was doubtless the first to see and foresee in its full extent the necessity of substituting linguistic communication itself for the man who hitherto was supposed to own it for Mallarme, as for us, it is language which speaks, not the author to write is to reach, through a preexisting impersonality never to be confused with the castrating objectivity of the realistic ovelist that point where language alone acts, performs, and not oneself Mallarmes entire poetics consists in suppressing the author for the sake of the writing (which is, as we shall see, to restore the status of the reader. ) Valery, encumbered with a psychology of the Self, greatly edulcorated Mallarmes theory, but, turning in a preference for classicism to the lessons of rhetoric, he unceasingly questioned and mocked the Author, emph asized the linguistic and almost chance nature of his activity, and passim his prose works championed the essentially verbal condition of literature, in the face of which any recourse to the writers inferiority seemed to him pure superstition.It is clear that Proust himself, despite the apparent psychological typesetters case of what is called his analyses, under alsok the responsibility of inexorably blurring, by an extreme subtilization, the relation of the writer and his characters by making the narrator not the person who has seen or felt, nor even the person who writes, but the person who will write (the young man of the novel but, in fact, how old is he, and who is he? wants to write but cannot, and the novel ends when at last the writing becomes possible), Proust has given modern writing its epic by a radical reversal, instead of putting his life into his novel, as we say so often, he makes his very life into a work for which his own book was in a sense the model, so that it is quite obvious to us that it is not Charlus who imitates Montesquiou, but that Montesquiou in his anecdotal, historical reality is merely a secondary fragment, derived from Charlus.Surrealism lastly to remain on the level of this prehistory of modernity surrealism doubtless could not accord language a sovereign place, since language is a system and since what the movement sought was, romantically, a direct subversion of all codes an illusory subversion, moreover, for a code cannot be destroyed, it can only be played with but by abruptly violating expected meanings (this was the famous surrealist jolt), by entrusting to the hand the responsibility of writing as fast as possible what the head itself ignores (this was automatic writing), by accepting the principle and the experience of a collective writing, surrealism helped secularize the image of the Author.Finally, outside of literature itself (actually, these distinctions are being superseded), linguistics has just furnish ed the destruction of the Author with a precious analytic instrument by showing that utterance in its entirety is a void process, which functions perfectly without requiring to be filled by the person of the interlocutors linguistically, the author is never any social function more than the man who writes, just as I is no more than the man who says I language knows a subject, not a person, end this subject, void outside of the very utterance which defines it, suffices to make language work, that is, to exhaust it. The absence of the Author (with Brecht, we might speak here of a real alienation the Author diminishing bid a tiny figure at the far end of the literary stage) is not only a historical fact or an act of writing it utterly transforms the modern text edition (or what is the same thing the text is henceforth written and read so that in it, on every level, the Author absents himself). Time, first of all, is no longer the same.The Author, when we rely in him, is always con ceived as the past of his own book the book and the author take their places of their own accord on the same line, cast as a before and an after the Author is supposed to feed the book that is, he pre-exists it, thinks, suffers, lives for it he maintains with his work the same relation of antecedence a sky pilot maintains with his child. Quite the contrary, the modern writer (scriptor) is born simultaneously with his text he is in no way supplied with a being which precedes or transcends his writing, he is in no way the subject of which his book is the predicate there is no other time than that of the utterance, and every text is eternally written here and now.This is because (or it follows that) to write can no longer designate an operation of recording, of observing, of representing, of painting (as the Classic writers put it), but rather what the linguisticians, following the vocabulary of the Oxford school, call a performative, a rare verbal form (exclusively given to the firs t person and to the present), in which utterance has no other content than the act by which it is uttered something like the / Command of kings or the I Sing of the early bards the modern writer, having buried the Author, can therefore no longer believe, according to the pathos of his predecessors, that his hand is too slow for his thought or his passion, and that in consequence, making a law out of necessity, he must accentuate this gap and endlessly elaborate his form for him, on the contrary, his hand, detached from any voice, borne by a pure gesture of inscription (and not of expression), traces a theater of operations without origin or which, at least, has no other origin than language itself, that is, the very thing which ceaselessly questions any origin. We know that a text does not consist of a line of words, psychotherapeutic a single theological meaning (the message of the Author-God), but is a space of many dimensions, in which are wedded and contested various kinds of writing, no one of which is original the text is a tissue of citations, resulting from the thousand sources of culture.Like Bouvard and Pecuchet, those eternal copyists, both sublime and comical and whose profound absurdity precisely designates the truth of writing, the writer can only imitate a gesture forever anterior, never original his only power is to combine the different kinds of writing, to oppose some by others, so as never to sustain himself by just one of them if he wants to express himself, at least he should know that the internal thing he claims to translate is itself only a readymade dictionary whose words can be explained (defined) only by other words, and so on ad infinitum an experience which occurred in an exemplary fashion to the young De Quincey, so gifted in Greek that in order to translate into that dead language certain suddenly modern ideas and images, Baudelaire tells us, he created for it a standing dictionary much more complex and extensive than the one which results from the vulgar patience of purely literary themes (Paradis Artificiels). bring home the bacon the Author, the writer no longer contains within himself passions, humors, sentiments, impressions, but that enormous dictionary, from which he derives a writing which can know no end or stop life can only imitate the book, and the book itself is only a tissue of signs, a lost, infinitely remote imitation.Once the Author is gone, the claim to decipher a text becomes quite useless. To give an Author to a text is to impose upon that text a stop clause, to furnish it with a final signification, to close the writing. This image perfectly suits criticism, which can then take as its major task the discovery of the Author (or his hypostases society, history, the psyche, freedom) beneath the work once the Author is discovered, the text is explained the critic has conquered hence it is scarcely surprising not only that, historically, the reign of the Author should also have been t hat of the Critic, but that criticism (even new criticism) should be overthrown along with the Author. In a ultiple writing, indeed, everything is to be distinguished, but nothing deciphered structure can be followed, threaded (like a stocking that has run) in all its recurrences and all its stages, but there is no underlying ground the space of the writing is to be traversed, not penetrated writing ceaselessly posits meaning but always in order to evaporate it it proceeds to a systematic exemption of meaning. Thus literature (it would be better, henceforth, to say writing), by refusing to assign to the text (and to the world as text) a secret that is, an ultimate meaning, liberates an activity which we might call counter-theological, properly revolutionary, for to refuse to arrest meaning is finally to refuse God and his hypostases, reason, science, the law.Let us return to Balzacs sentence no one (that is, no person) utters it its source, its voice is not to be located and yet it is perfectly read this is because the true locus of writing is reading. some other very specific example can make this understood recent investigations (J. P. Vernant) have shed light upon the constitutively ambiguous nature of Greek tragedy, the text of which is distort with words that have double meanings, each character understanding them unilaterally (this perpetual misunderstanding is precisely what is meant by the tragic) yet there is individual who understands each word in its duplicity, and understands further, one might say, the very deafness of the characters speaking in front of him this someone is precisely the reader (or here the spectator).In this way is revealed the whole being of writing a text consists of multiple writings, issuing from several cultures and entering into dialogue with each other, into parody, into contestation but there is one place where this multiplicity is collected, united, and this place is not the author, as we have hitherto said it was, bu t the reader the reader is the very space in which are inscribed, without any being lost, all the citations a writing consists of the unity of a text is not in its origin, it is in its destination but this destination can no longer be personal the reader is a man without history, without biography, without psychology he is only that someone who holds gathered into a single field all the paths of which the text is constituted.This is why it is absurd to hear the new writing condemned in the name of a humanism which hypocritically appoints itself the champion of the readers rights. The reader has never been the concern of classical criticism for it, there is no other man in literature but the one who writes. We are now beginning to be the dupes no longer of such antiphrases, by which our society proudly champions precisely what it dismisses, ignores, smothers or destroys we know that to restore to writing its future, we must reverse its myth the stand of the reader must be ransomed b y the death of the Author.

Chick-Fil-A Firm

IntroChick-Fil-A runs a advantageful profitable firm that conducts line with honestly and integrity. The club make meaningful contributions to the communities it serves, and it help to create successful employees within the business. This company thinks about the potential impact it has on heap close to the world and continues to strive to be better.Leadership in the company and leadersHelp people see how what they do makes a difference for others, for the company and the world around us.When set succeed, the daily behaviors of the get toers will embody the core value that is set forth.Having effective business communication is vital for the success of the company, it involves babble outing skills and nonverbal communication.Team structureEngaged employees atomic number 18 more productive, customer focused and creating a positive work environment.Driven by purpose can create positive value that will help a company to thrive, its needs to infuse its purpose. Creating a comp any that prioritizes employees and is thankful for customer loyalty. Productivity and quality improvement Human relations theories used at the businessDecision making that is sincere for the companySet standards and expectations for employees behaviors well market new customers and potential partnership with corporations.Chick-Fil-A Chick-Fil-A is a debauched food restaurant that is based on deep Christian value and beliefs. Truett Cathy the creator of the company al carriages put his religious beliefs at the forefront of all personal and business-related decisions. Chick-Fil-As be closed on Sundays so that the staff of the company can attend church (Chick-Fil-A). Truett Cathy opened his own Diner at the age of 25.Truett and his brother Ben opened up the Dwarf Grill in Hapeville, a suburb of Atlanta Georgia, in 1946, after Truett Cathy was discharged from the U.S. Army. The two brothers wanted to build the fast food restaurant near a striving company, which was a Ford Auto plant . Hoping that hungry employees would come and buy, and it worked.Truett and Ben noniced when they were serving, customers were taking rolls and chicken, turning them into sandwiches.Witnessing these actions gave them and ideal for the concept of Chick-Fil-A. Tragedy stuck when Truetts brother Ben and another brother perished in a plane crash, but Truett continued to run the Dwarf House which before was the Dwarf Grill. The Dwarf Grill soon became a exemptiond throughout the Atlanta theater of operations (The balance small business). A Chick-Fil-A theater director in Texas decided to post a list of banned words and phrases on Reddit. That list of words went viral. The en licensement has not responded to that list of banned words yet.Eric the manager at the Texas Chick-Fil-A listed the unacceptable slang employment phrase because he believes in the command You will speak properly when you walk through these doors (Suhay). The list of words included cuz, Bae, Bruh, and other urban terms. Also, on that list was the word Ebola because some of the employees hold accused people in the establishment of having the deadly disease turn working (Suhay). Gottsman suggest that, Slang and business really do not go hand-in-hand (Suhay).Gottsman, who coaches major corporations and university students make a rare appearance to help a group of teenagers learn proper businesses and interview protocols in preparation for college and scholarship interviews. (Suhay). Gottsman says, It shouldnt matter that this is a fast food establishment. Employees should be ambassadors of the company they work for (Suhay). memorial tablet behaviors impacts the success of the company.A company that have motivated, engaged employees with clear goals that aligned with the companys strategy, creates a successful company. Organization behavior can help a company perform well (Managing pack and Organizations 8). It is important when working in an establishment, speaking well and clearly to the customers be possessed of as good communication skills. Communication allows us to form connection. Influence decisions and motivate change.Decisions that the leaders make tend to help mold the culture of the company. devising the wrong decisions can have a massive impact on the business or organization. Leaders have a responsibility to make the advanced decisions for everyone involved. Truett created a successful business at Chick-Fil-As because of a highly effective business model.He created something bigger than himself based on his leadership style. Theyve experienced a more than 10% sales increase al close to every class since launching in 1946.Franchisees retention rate has been 96% for nearly 50 years, while the bodily staff retention rate has hovered at 95-97% over the same time period (Forbes Magazine). Letting your employees know that you are there for them is team building practice. Chick-Fil-A believes that all business leaders can introduce growth and development for their own companies.The company encourages its staff to develop different programs plans and support them by providing compute necessary class, books, training and conferences to help with team building within the company. Chick-Fil-A is one of the largest privately-owned restaurant chains with 1,450 restaurants in 38 states, with its charitable sponsor of religious and community groups world wide (Vivian). Building trust, mitigating conflicts, encouraging the communities and increasing collaboration is what Chick-Fil-A does.Every single Chick-Fil-A is closed on Sundays Truett Cathy says, Our decision to close on Sundays was a way of honoring God and directing attention on things that are more important than the business (Vivian). Spending time with family and having time to recover from a hard week of work helps the moral of the employees to have a common goal, allowing bonding to happen more organically and far more effectively for the company. The successful chain has used it success to commit to education.Earning $25 million dollars in Leadership Scholarships, the company has allocated $1.4 million of that to be awarded to its team members of the fast food chain (Vivian). Team building expands not only to the employee but the customers too. Cow Appreciation Day is a day costumer get to dress up like a cow and aim a free chicken sandwich.The appreciation day is to show their thanks to the loyalty of the customers. Because of the team building this company haves not only for their employees but for the customers they have a large and growing base of Chick-Fil-A fans around the world (Vivian). Process gain plays an important role in team building it is part of the public presentation improvement. That is when people work together and not independent (Management People and Organization 268).Chick-Fil-A is always trying new things with their staff that can generate good vibraphone among the employees, which benefits the business. Team togetherness build s results for the business long term. Socializing and making friends in the workplace is a great way to increase productivity in the company. Its increases morale in the workplace and a better way of solving everyday workplace issues. When a business provides team building activities together, employees have a better grounds of others weakness, strengths and interest.This helps with better understanding to work together on future progress, which is vital to the company. Chick-Fil-A has build Social Facilitation, this happens when the employees and staff are motivated to look and feel good to others and maintain a positive image (Management People and Organization 269).Chick-Fil-A has established team efficacy, it shares beliefs that can be organized and execute the behaviors in it company (Management People and Organization 269). Improving productivity and quality improvement can be a difficult thing to do in a business. You can not always tell which solutions are right for the com pany. Trying solutions one at a time can be time consuming and expensive. The best procession is to take steps that are necessary to get your staff and employees on board.One approach Chick-Fil-A will plan to try and that is broaden their appeal to the millennial market. The Millennials will broaden Chick-Fil-As national and, ultimately, international growth plans (Horovitz). Chick-Fil-A also plans to replace all of its current salads and replacing them with an entirely new salad, focusing on perfumed ingredients (Horovitz).The company will introduce new wraps and post calorie counts on new menu boards (Horovitz). By the end of 2019, every customer will be served chicken without antibiotics. This fast food restaurant knows that it needs to be able to look at what is working well and where there is room for improvement (Chick-Fil-A).The workers of a business are the ones who are immersed in the production processes on a daily basis, so empowering them on developing ideals for impr ovement for the company, is always a great thing to do. Workers who feel empowered are more in all probability to demonstrate increased productivity. Chick-Fil-A has exceptional service, quick service, and cleanliness because of more attentive workers.Many of the franchisees offer training classes for their employees to earn certificates in managing food, labor cost managing conflicts in restaurants and other areas of expertise with in the company (Chick-Fil-A). This gives the employees more of an overall understanding of the business, therefore fostering a knowledgeable intent toward the customers and the companys needs. With a strong culture and high emphasis on values, Chick-Fil-A has managed to provide a positive atmosphere in one of the most difficult industries.Chick-Fil-As goal is to make sure everyone that walks through their restaurant doors, have a positive out come and great experience. For example, in Virginia, one of the franchise offers expired chicken nuggets to pet owners. The nuggets are still good, just past the hour freshness hold time.These little things exceed expectations and create repeat customers, these are the people who dress up like cows on Cow Appreciation Day. It is the job as a restaurant owner or manager to make sure that the staff will give the customers a good dinning experience. When you provide a better service than local competitors, the company stands out in the crowd. If you have ever notice the employees say, my pleasure instead of youre welcome, this is an element of class to their service (Chick-Fil-A).Every day, Chick-Fil-A has fresh flowers set out on to each one table inside of every restaurant they have. It is such simple things like that, that set this company apart from their competitors. Chick-Fil-A team members are great at call back your orders and if you take a seat at any of their tables while youre waiting, they proactively bring your meal to you at your table.This gives the customer a sense of dedicatio n of service, their needs are at the fore front of the companys purpose. In order for an organization to contribute positively to society, the company should be aware of the decision making it does. Last year they spent $30.8 million in advertising and promotion cost for hide-saving mission, to get people to eat more chicken (Morrison).Chick-Fil-A formats and provides a personal experience for their customers and their employees. Whenever the franchise opens a new restaurant, it reaches out to there fan base to invite them to a free pre-opening meal. The company also distributes coupons during the pre-opening.The company thinks through its experience customers and they land extra touches that exceed expectation, drive loyalty and inspire advocacy. By adopting this approach to customers service, the company will be able to maintain strong and sustainable relationships with corporate sponsors and customers.The interacting in a workplace is a major part of what makes a business work. Companies with engaging workplace and a well-trained staff are most likely to retain and attract qualified employees. When the business is focused on the employees behaviors and motivation to get the job done, the business tends to work more efficiently.Without a firm workplace culture, challenges can arise leading to poor productivity. Woks CitedBruce, Horovitz, et al. Chick-Fil-A Tosses Its Old Salad Menu.Forbes, Forbes Magazine, www.forbes.com/.Griffin, Ricky W., et al.Organizational Behavior Managing People and Organizations. Cengage Learning, 2017.Home of the Original Chicken Sandwich. Chick-Fil-A, www.chick-fil-a.com/.MORRISON, MAUREEN. Chick-Fil-A Finds Politics Can Be poorly for Its Business. Advertising Age, vol. 83, no. 28, 2012.Suhay, Lisa. Chick-Fil-A List of Banned Words A Smart Move by Restaurant Manager? Christian Science Monitor, 11/11/2014, P1, 2014.Vivian, Jordan. Chick-Fil-A. Human Events, vol. 65, no. 39, 2009.

Faustus and Conflict Essay

Christopher Marlowes monkey Doctor Faustus presents a story that is filled with various forms of significant philosophical conflict. bandage, on the surface, the bout is intended to focus on the form of Faustus fortunes, the scope of the play includes commentary on several other chief(prenominal) themes (Prologue.8). Marlowe uses Faustuss position to circle out a sharp contrast mingled with the values of the medieval beat period with the developing values associated with the Renaissance movement.Faustuss story shows a set conflict between the traditional and the modern in its form, its ideology, and its view of faith. Since Marlow maintains an ongoing effort between these various elements throughout the play, a struggle also exists between the tragic and comedic elements of the story. Marlowes ambiguity toward the primary direction of the play creates a situation in which the supreme purpose of the plays comedic scenes remains uncertain even after Faustuss final moments. The content of Faustuss story superficially focuses on Faustuss struggle to maintain control over the tidy sum of his own soul. Faustuss desire to become a mighty god leads him to make a deal with Lucifer, in which he exchanges his soul for twenty quad years of demonic strength (1.62). Throughout the play Faustus struggles with repentance and disbelief, and he is eventually condemned to Hell for his actions. Symbolically, Faustuss story is more appropriately a design of the struggle, evident during Marlowes time period, between the traditional ideas of the medieval period and the modern ideas of the Renaissance.This conflict is evident within the first few lines of the play. Marlowe begins the play by having Faustus announce that he has given up on the traditional schools of thought, such as the study of religion, law, and medicine. Instead, he plans to study that damned art of necromancy or b overleap magic (2.29). While traditional medieval thought encouraged the unquestioning acceptance of ancient philosophy, Renaissance thought encouraged experimentation and a rethinking of previously accepted beliefs. While Faustuss actions may show his support of these Renaissance beliefs, his ultimate demise suggests that Renaissance thought may also be imperfect because it does not include a belief in God.This dualism between modern and traditional thought is also evident in the structure of the play. Marlowe employs elements that would be common in most traditional plays, such as the use of a chorus. He also uses mythical comparisons, depicting Faustus as another Icarus, a man who will eventually mount above his reach (Prologue.21). Faustus is also depicted as a tragically flawed character. Faustus is portrayed by the let loose as being swollen with cunning (Prologue.20). same(p) Achilles, Hercules, or other traditional Greek heroes, Faustus has a character flaw that will mostly probably lead to his demise, but the eternal damnation of Faustus, to the Elizabetha n audience, would be the equivalent of damning great Greek heroes, and thus creates artificial traditional expectations of the play. Simultaneously, Marlowe also ignores legion(predicate) of the important characteristics of traditional tragedies. While most tragedies depict historically important characters, Faustuss story is a tale of an ordinary man, not of the courts of kings or the eclat of proud audacious deeds (Prologue.4-5). By focusing on the common man and also by writing in blank verse, a name that was uncommon during this period, Marlowe breaks away from the traditional expectations of a tragic play.Faustuss view of religion also constantly vacillates between a traditional acceptance of Christianity and a modern rejection of it. When Faustus initially reads that the reward of sin is death, and that if we say we that we have no sin, / We deceive ourselves, and there is no truth in us he suggests that Christianity is a futile endeavor and decides that What will be, shall be Divinity, adieu (1.40-43, 48). He mistakenly characterizes Christianity as being based on punishment rather than on forgiveness, a mistake that he repeats throughout the play.Later, he believes his heart has become so hardened that he cannot repent (5.196). While he initially suggests that Hell is cipher but a fable, Faustuss religious convictions continue to grow. Upon seeing Lucifer and Mephistopheles, he cries out, O Faustus, they ar come to fetch thy soul and even murmurs Consummatum est, subject matter it is finished, which were Christs dying words on the cross, after signing his deal with Lucifer (5.264, 74).In this manner, Marlowe remains ambiguous throughout most of the play as to his position on the various conflicts he has depicted. For the audience, Faustus position as a modern man and Marlowes portrayal of religion remain in doubt. For this reason, the comedic scenes also remain ambiguous throughout the play. The audience remains uncomfortably unsure as to whether the comedy is intended to garner support for Faustus as the ultimate hero of the story or to mock Faustus by foreshadowing his own demise. The conclusion of the play demonstrates that the comedy depicted in the play, in addition to its histrionics purpose of providing a comedic interlude, provides a critical depiction of Faustuss fall from grace.One of the first comedic scenes in the play occurs when Faustus asks the demon Mephistopheles to reappear in the clothe of a friar since that holy shape becomes a devil best (3.26). While the depiction of a devil in the garb of a Catholic friar would have undoubtedly been hysterical to Marlowes staunchly Protestant audience, the scene also carries significant substance. By having Mephistopheles disguise his true figure, Faustus, despite his chivalrous speech, seems unable to stomach the true nature of Hell. Even when Mephistopheles seems to warn Faustus that his own pride and insolence have forever barred him from the face of heaven and that he is now tormented with ten thousand hells, Faust clings to his own diluted version of Hell (3.67-68, 79). He delusionally envisions Hell as a continuation of an earthly existence, and criticizes Mephistopheles for his lack of manly fortitude (3.85).The comedy within the play is continued by the antics of the characters Wagner, Robin, Rafe, and the twat. Most of these comedic actions seem to foreshadow Faustuss own downfall. The first depiction of Wagner and the Clown mirrors Faustus signing his soul over to Lucifer. During this scene, Wagner convinces the Clown to become his servant for seven years, and the Clown jokes about how he would sell his soul for a shoulder of well-seasoned mutton.While represented in a comedic fashion, this scene foreshadowing the triviality of the power Faustus has obtained in exchange for his soul. As suggested by Mephistopheless unwillingness to discuss things that are against our kingdom, Faustus soon discovers that there are severe limitation s placed upon the power wielded by Lucifer and his minions (5.247).In another comedic scene involving these characters, Robin, the stable hand, and Rafe steal a transfuse from a tavern and are pursued by the tavern wine-maker. Robin summons Mephistopheles to frighten the vintner, and is chastised by the demon for being summoned for a pragmatical joke. Mephistopheles threatens to turn the two men into a dog and an ape. While Mephistopheles is obviously angered by the triviality of Robins request, his anger also reflects his own pinch that Faustus abandon his frivolous demands (3.81). This scene foreshadows how Faustus will eventually abandon his own lofty goals and will also use his power primarily to play practical jokes.Much of the comedy in the play is related to the digression of Faustuss goals and the ways in which he employs his power. Faustus begins the play with many lofty goals. With his powers, Faustus plans to have pot likker bring him jewels from around the world, tea ch him vast secrets of the universe, and make him king of Germany.He planed to change the course of the Rhine River and remake the entire map of Europe. Initially, Faustus appears to be on the agency toward reaching these goals. Wagner tells how Faustus has ridden through the cosmos on the back of a dragon learning the secrets of astronomy from Mephistopheles. But Faustus quickly losses momentum, and, upon reaching Rome, decides to use his power to play practical jokes on the Pope. While this idea would, once again, be extremely funny to Marlowes Protestant audience, it represents the beginning of Faustuss digression.As time progresses, Faustuss audiences also decrease in their level of importance. Following his time with the Pope, one of the most influential figures during this time period, Faustus meets the German Emperor Charles V, who is also an important figure but not as important as the Pope. During this meeting, Faustus, unable to fulfill the requests made by Charles due to more limitations on his powers, embarrasses a scornful knight in the Kings court by placing antlers on his head. This digression continues as Faustus final audience is with a simple nobleman and his wife. Faustuss display of power consists of fetching out of season grapes for the noblemans wife. The comedy during these scenes primarily includes a practical joke Faustus plays on a horse-courser. give care Robin and Rafes practical joke, Faustus now uses his power to play jokes on people his has already angered.Like many other aspects of the play, the comedy depicted by Faustuss gradual demise also remains ambiguous. For many, this demise can be seen as a failure in Renaissance thought. Faustuss pursuit for power and knowledge has left him disconnected from God, the ultimate source of both. By not including God or morality in his search for truth, Faustus has become deprave by the influences of power and no longer retains his somewhat nobler purposes.But Faustus also at the same time fails in his attempts to incorporate a more traditional view of religion into his life. He recalls that Christ did call the thief upon the cross, believing that he too will be brought into paradise. Faustus, particularly during his last hours on Earth, seems to exhaust every casualty of incorporating religion into his life. He offers to make deals with God, begs for mercy if not redemption, and even turns to Helen of Troy, a representation of feminine virtue or Mother Mary, for reprieve. Faustuss condemnation demonstrates how Faustus has been simultaneously failed both by traditional religion and by the beliefs held by modern Renaissance thinkers.In conclusion, the comedy within this play serves a variety of purposes. Like many of the other elements in the play, the comic and tragic elements seem to struggle with one another throughout the play. This struggle is also seen in Faustuss struggle between Renaissance thought and form and a more traditional view of life and religio n. When coupled with these various forms of conflict, the comedic scenes within Doctor Faustus cause the play to constantly waver between tragedy and comedy, leaving the audience without any knowledge of how the play will ultimately end or of the true meaning of the play. Most of the comedy seems to mock Faustuss decision to embrace a modern philosophy toward life, but, when religion ultimately fails him as well, Faustus seems to be a entirely hopeless representation of man. The plays comedic scenes are another method, employed by Marlowe, to create confusion and veil the true significance of the play.

Administration of Justice: Rich vs. Poor

community with capital gift a greater chance to win or take a crap lower sentences compared to poor families. In todays society we see all kinds of unfair cases coming in and out if the courtroom. People who have enough capital to go hire a top of the discover lawyer to value them from creation accounted guilty. All the while in the poor community people struggle to survive secure to stand their rent, and when they commit a curse its hard for them to bear with a top of the line lawyers.Every day you turn on the TV or the radio and hear about these celebrities that constantly compress in trouble for drugs, guns, and fighting but yet when the judge sentences them its like they get a smack on the hand or receive the minimum sentence available. This even happens in a reoccurring basis with the comparable people in and out like a revolving door. The lower income communities get tranceed and go to court and un slight they receive a plea bargain they usually are looking at th e maximal amount of sentencing when it comes to chronic offenders.Even those low income first time offenders can be hit hard when it comes to sentencing unless the crime committed isnt at high risk. I will discuss some celebrity cases as well as regular civilian cases in todays courts. Celebrity Lindsey Lohan is considered a repeat offender in and out if the court room for cocain possession. On July 6th 2010 she was sentenced to 90 days in jail and remained free until July 20th 2010 when she had arrived at the Beverley Hills court house to turn herself in to start serving her sentence.Upon release she had to overly serve a 90 day impatient rehabilitation sentence due to violating her probation from a prior DUI case. According to the spokes person Steve Whitmore of the Sheriffs Department stated she would nevertheless serve 23 days behind bars since it was a non-violent crime. Regularly the sentence for Recidivist is if a misdemeanor is one division it goes up to two years, if it is a felony can be increased by four additional years. Convicted crack offenders are usually African Americans and cocaine offenders are usually white.The variety in punishment evoked images of low-income sears sitting in jail for crack longer than affluent whites caught with the same amount of cocaine, but in powder form. By the crack offenders cosmos mostly poor black people they been receiving higher sentencing and a unfair trial, seeing as white people get caught with cocaine most of the time the sentencing isnt as harsh due to their color of skin and if they come from wealth. I Washington as of the 1st of November, 2007 they are passing a federal rule that will neuter time for new crack offenders regardless of race, to be able to decrease the thought of racial cases.Of the some 20,000 federal prisoners whose sentences could be undertaked, 86 percent are black and 6 percent are white, gibe to the commission. Speaking with a Chronic offender Benito Garibay who I interv iewed he stated that while being aerated for drug cases he always received the maximum sentence that was set against him in disregard to his dental plate life. He also stated he had two prior drug cases before catching the tierce one were they charged him with a class X felony, which is a sentence of a minimum of cardinal years in a state penitentiary and a maximum of thirty years.He was sentenced to the minimum and involve himself in classes for his diploma as well as a work study to help reduce his sentence for what is called good time. Weapon cases on the other hand are the same issue depending on the persons race and economical status. For instance I have two examples of celebrities caught with guns and served less time than the average offender, even though they are black males, they both still have the money for good lawyers and in a political issue people can assume they also have paid off officials revolving around the case to receive lighter sentences.In the case of T. I. a well know rapper whose real name is Clifford Harris Jr, was caught with numerous types of guns in his home ranging from hand guns to semi-automatic weapons in October 2007. He was arrested and affix to bail to be released until hearings took place which ended up being a very long process. His crushing hearing was scheduled for February 19, 2008 when the factor admitted guilt to possession of U. S. federal weapon charges.He was sentenced to serve one year and one day in prison, one year of house arrest, and 1,500 hours of community service. He also had to pay $100,300 for the federal weapons charges. The performer went in to serve his sentence May 26, 2009 and was released on March 26, 2009. After being released the performer already has new charges brought up against him for the possession of methamphetamines. With this case coming soon after being released from prison on the weapon charges, the media speaks about how harsh the charges may be this time.I think thats entirel y the media assumption and my assumption would be looked at differently and he will get off open yet again. Dwayne Carter also known as Lil Wayne a very successful rapper ran into trouble on the streets of Manhattan in 2007. The police had pulled over the tour mint after the performer was smoking marijuana at a concert he did at the Beacon Theatre. During the search the police found and seized a . 40caliber rigorous semi-automatic gun. During Waynes initial appearance he stated he was innocent and the gun did not belong to him.Trial was then set for January 20th were a controversial DNA profiling technique had tied the performer to the weapon. From January to February 2010 the performer was scheduled for his possible sentence of 8 to 10 months. Just like T. I. he is also scheduled to go to trial in Arizona on felony drug possession and weapons charges, stemming from a January 2008 arrest at a U. S. Border Patrol checkpoint. Interstate 9 is known for wicked drug trafficking and illegal aliens trying to get over.During the border patrols common evenings the performers tour bus was pulled over and searched when, they found three guns, $22,000 in cash, and drugs. The authorities discovered 105 grams of marijuana, 29 grams of cocaine, 41 grams of offer and various drug paraphernalia. While we are currently unaware of the sentence he is looking at for this case in Arizona Lil Wayne must first get past his sentence being held in Rikers Island Penitentiary where he was placed on close surveillance due to a description of himself trying to commit suicide.The scheduled release date was November 11th but ended up acquiring out Thursday morning on November 4th 2010. This goes to show that higher class people and celebrities get off more easier then poor families who have nothing. Just because someone or someones family member are drug addicts doesnt mean they dont deserve just as much as a fair trial just like someone that can afford the great lawyer or have connec tions with in the politics of the court house.

Physical Education: Synoptics : David Beckham Essay

David Beckham has been playing football since a very early age. He now plays for Manchester United at an elite level and captains England. He trains and competes very regularly.1.AGGRESSIONSeveral aspects of football set about progressed vastly in the last decade. M whatsoever of which are relevant to the increasing position of aggression in football today. This means that aggression is very much a part of Davids sport, and an aspect that he must understand.Governing bodies and referees are now much more open and understanding about aggression in football as they have realised the increasing influence that it has in the game. The rules reflect this, as retaliation (an aggressive act) is now an automatic sending off offence. This also applies to raising of the hands and any intent to harm.Rivalry between teams is also an issue. When playing a local rival obtaining points is not the players yet motive for success. The two teams aim to win as simply defeating the opposition matters m ore than obtaining points. However this whitethorn lead to aggressive behaviour as the player feels that the stakes are higher (pride).It is also possible and supported through theory that in games in which he feels he is under-achieving he finds himself being cautioned. This whitethorn be due to the theory that states the athletes ability is inadequate compared to the task they are given. This then causes them to act in an aggressive rather than assertive manner.

Deception Point Page 20

This first sample here, corky said, pointing to a shiny, jet-black st unmatchable, is an iron-core meteorite. genuinely heavy. This little guy landed in Antarctica a few years back.Rachel analyze the meteorite. It most for sure looked otherworldly-a blob of heavy grayish iron whose outer crust was burned and blackened.That charred outer layer is called a fusion crust, bad said. Its the result of extreme heating as the meteor falls through our atmosphere. altogether meteorites exhibit that charring. bad moved quickly to the next sample. This next one is what we call a stony-iron meteorite.Rachel canvass the sample, noting that it too was charred on the outside. This sample, however, had a light-greenish tint, and the brush section looked like a collage of colorful angulate fragments resembling a kaleidoscopic puzzle.Pretty, Rachel said.Are you kidding, its gorgeous Corky talked for a minute about the high olivine guinea pig causing the green luster, and then he reached dramat ically for the third and final sample, handing it to Rachel.Rachel held the final meteorite in her palm. This one was grayish brown in color, resembling granite. It felt heavier than a terrestrial stone, but not substantially. The only interpretation suggesting it was anything other than a normal rock was its fusion crust-the scorched outer approach.This, Corky said with finality, is called a stony meteorite. Its the most common class of meteorite. More than cardinal percent of meteorites found on creation atomic number 18 of this category.Rachel was surprised. She had always pictured meteorites more like the first sample-metallic, alien-looking blobs. The meteorite in her hand looked anything but extraterrestrial. off from the charred out-of-door, it looked like something she might step over on the beach.Corkys eye were bulging now with excitement. The meteorite buried in the ice here at Milne is a stony meteorite-a lot like the one in your hand. rocky meteorites appear alm ost identical to our terrestrial igneous rocks, which makes them tough to spot. Usually a blend of lightweight silicates-feldspar, olivine, pyroxene. Nothing too exciting.Ill say, Rachel thought, handing the sample back to him. This one looks like a rock someone left hand in a fireplace and burned.Corky burst out laughing. One hell of a fireplace The meanest blast furnace ever built doesnt come close to reproducing the heat a meteoroid feels when it hits our atmosphere. They get rapedTolland gave Rachel an empathetic smile. This is the good part.Picture this, Corky said, taking the meteorite sample from Rachel. Lets imagine this little fella is the size of a house. He held the sample high over his head. Okay its in space floating crosswise our solar system cold-soaked from the temperature of space to minus one hundred degrees Celsius.Tolland was chuckling to himself, apparently already having seen Corkys reenactment of the meteorites arrival on Ellesmere Island.Corky began lowe ring the sample. Our meteorite is moving toward earth and as its getting very close, our gravity locks on accelerating accelerating Rachel watched as Corky sped up the samples trajectory, mimicking the acceleration of gravity.Now its moving fast, Corky exclaimed. Over ten miles per second-thirty-six thousand miles per second At 135 kilometers above the earths surface, the meteorite begins to encounter friction with the atmosphere. Corky agitate the sample violently as he lowered it toward the ice. Falling below one hundred kilometers, its starting to glow Now the atmospherical density is increasing, and the friction is incredible The air around the meteoroid is becoming incandescent as the surface material melts from the heat. Corky started making burning and sizzling sound effects. Now its locomote past the eighty-kilometer mark, and the exterior becomes heated to over eighteen hundred degrees CelsiusRachel watched in disbelief as the presidential award-winning astrophysicist shook the meteorite more fiercely, sputtering out juvenile sound effects.Sixty kilometers Corky was shouting now. Our meteoroid encounters the atmospheric wall. The air is too dense It violently decelerates at more than three hundred times the disembowel of gravity Corky made a screeching braking sound and soggyed his descent dramatically. Instantly, the meteorite cools and stops glowing. Weve hit sin flight The meteoroids surface hardens from its molten stage to a charred fusion crust.Rachel heard Tolland groan as Corky knelt on the ice to perform the coup de grace-earth impact.Now, Corky said, our huge meteorite is skipping across our lower atmosphere On his knees, he arched the meteorite toward the ground on a shallow slant. Its headed toward the Arctic Ocean on an nonparallel angle falling looking almost like it leave skip off the ocean falling and He touched the sample to the ice. BAMRachel jumped.The impact is cataclysmic The meteorite explodes. Fragments fly off, skipp ing and spinning across the ocean. Corky went into slow motion now, rolling and topple the sample across the invisible ocean toward Rachels feet. One piece keeps skimming, tumbling toward Ellesmere Island He brought it right up to her toe. It skips off the ocean, bouncing up onto land He moved it up and over the tongue of her shoe and rolled it to a stop on top of her foot well(p) her ankle. And finally comes to rest high on the Milne Glacier, where snow and ice quickly cover it, protecting it from atmospheric erosion. Corky stood up with a smile.Rachels mouth fell slack. She gave an impressed laugh. Well, Dr. Marlinson, that explanation was exceptionally Lucid? Corky offered.Rachel smiled. In a word.Corky handed the sample back to her. Look at the cross section.Rachel studied the rocks interior a moment, seeing nothing.Tilt it into the light, Tolland prompted, his voice warm and kind. And look closely.Rachel brought the rock close to her eyes and tilted it against the dazzling halogens reflecting overhead. Now she saw it-tiny metallic globules glistening in the stone. Dozens of them were peppered throughout the cross section like minuscule droplets of mercury, each only about a millimeter across.Those little bubbles are called chondrules, Corky said. And they occur only in meteorites.Rachel squinted at the droplets. Granted, Ive never seen anything like this in an earth rock.Nor will you Corky declared. Chondrules are one geologic structure we simply do not have on earth. Some chondrules are exceptionally old-perhaps madeup of the earliest materials in the universe. Other chondrules are much younger, like the ones in your hand. The chondrules in that meteorite date only about 190 million years old.One hundred ninety million years is young?Heck, yes In cosmological terms, thats yesterday. The point here, though, is that this sample contains chondrules-conclusive meteoric evidence.Okay, Rachel said. Chondrules are conclusive. Got it.And finally, Corky said, heaving a sigh, if the fusion crust and chondrules dont convince you, we astronomers have a foolproof method to get meteoric origin.Being?Corky gave a casual shrug. We simply use a petrographic polarizing microscope, an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a neutron activation analyzer, or an induction-coupled plasma spectrometer to measure ferromagnetic ratios.