Modern History Germany 1918-1939 Essay

The Weimar Republic was considered weak from the post-war period until 1933. The weaknesses in the Weimar Republic were key to the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933. Many historians have criticized these weaknesses, saying that the Weimar Republic was always going to fail, due to mismanagement and the lack of experience. These weaknesses include Article 48, which helped Hitler pass the Enabling Act of 1933. The role of President Hindenburg was another weakness of the Weimar Republic as he was able to choose the Chancellor, giving Hitler and the Nazi Party more power. The Hyperinflation Crisis of 1923 is also an example of the weak Weimar Republic. However, the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic was not the only aid to the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party, as there were many external factors, such as the Dawes Plan, linked to the Hyperinflation Crisis of 1923, which exposed Germany to the Great Depression, as well as the Treaty of Versailles, and its many points including Article 231 – the war guilt clause. Furthermore, the capitalization of these weaknesses was also a key factor to the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1923. The weaknesses in the Weimar Republic allowed for the Nazi’s to gain power through Article 48, where the President is given emergency powers to suspend the Reichstag at a moments notice. After the Reichstag Fire, Hitler convinced Hindenburg to use Article 48, giving Hitler the opportunity to pass the Enabling Act without the majority of the Reichstag’s approval, and banned the Communists. This shows that because of Article 48, Hitler was given legal means of gaining power, and without Article 48, Hitler would have never of became a Dictator of Germany with the rising power given to the Nazi Party. The use of Article 48 also led to the creation of the Enabling Act in 1933. The Enabling Act of 1933 allowed Hitler to gain power as it gave Hitler total control of the Reichstag. Once it was passed with the help of Article 48 on Hindenburg’s account, it gave Hitler the ability of ruling for 4 years unopposed, without having to consult with the Reichstag if he wanted to pass any laws. Hitler used this act to ban all other political parties, giving him no other opponents. Without the help of Article 48, Hitler would not have passed the Enabling Act, and would not of had full control of the Reichstag, citing the rise of power of the Nazi Party in 1933. Because Article 48 gave Hitler the possibility of passing the Enabling Act, the Weimar government is responsible for allowing Hitler to come to power, giving in to the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933. The role of Hindenburg allowed for Hitler’s rise to power and growth of the Nazi Party in 1933 because of his right to choose who would be his Chancellor. Hindenburg chose Hitler at the suggestion of Von Papen, an ex-president, who thought that Hindenburg could control him. Hindenburg relented, eventually giving Hitler head of state. Evidently, Hindenburg could not control Hitler as Chancellor, and ended up giving Hitler more control than he should have had, accounting for Hitler’s rise to power and the growth and prominence of the Nazi Party. The historian K. J. Mason supports the observation that the role of Hindenburg made an error in choosing Hitler as chancellor. He states that â€Å"having been given power, he now had total power†¦ within a mere two months of his appointment as chancellor†¦ achieved his aim, moving from the role of legal chancellor to that of legal dictator†, demonstrating that the government system of the Weimar Republic allowed an Autocrat like Hindenburg to decide on a chancellor initially destroys the Weimar Republic, citing a fatal weakness that grants Hitler and the Nazi’s more power. What this says about the Weimar Republic is that it was always faulted, giving the president as much power as possible, even giving him the option of choosing his Chancellor. It shouldn’t have been possible for Hindenburg to choose the Chancellor, as it gave him too much power, also giving Hitler the option of more power. The Hyperinflation Crisis of 1923 accounts for the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933 as the crisis showed that the Weimar government was incapable of leading Germany. This incapability allowed for extremist parties like the Nazi’s to be considered as alternatives. This led to the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, which, evidently, illustrates that without the government mismanagement, the Beer Hall Putsch may have never happened. This shows that because of Government mismanagement, there would not have been civil unrest, which clearly accounts for the rise in popularity and power for Hitler and the Nazi Party. The economic mismanagement of 1923 can then be seen as a predecessor to the effects of the Great Depression of 1929, linking to the Dawes Plan. This shows that the Weimar government did not learn from their mistakes, showing how weak the Weimar government was, having there been two crippling economic issues in the 14 years of the Weimar Republic. The Dawes Plan assisted the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933 as it led to an explosion of support for the Nazi’s. The Dawes Plan brought in loans from the United States of America in order for the German republic to finance its industry, and to finance reparations, but ultimately exposed Germany to the Great Depression. Because it was through the Weimar republic that Germany was exposed to the Great Depression in 1929, there was an explosion in support for the Nazi Party, leading to its growth and rise in power. Richard Evans supports this view, explaining how the Great Depression showed the incapability’s and failures of foreign affairs. Evans explains this through the quote: â€Å"as Germany fell deeper into depression, middle class citizens saw the Nazi party as a possible way out†, explaining how the Great Depression affected the popularity of the Nazi Party, as the civilians saw that the only way to fix Germany’s economy and falling spirit was to support the Nazi Party. This shows that is the Dawes Plan didn’t exist, Germany wouldn’t have been exposed to the Great Depression, and there wouldn’t have been a rise in the support of the Nazi Party in 1929, and it wouldn’t be accountable for the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933. The Treaty of Versailles aided the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933 through Article 231 – the War Guilt Clause. The war guilt clause called for reparations to be paid to France and Britain, loss of German territory, for example the Polish Corridor, which divided up Germany and East Germany (Prussia), and caused national humiliation. The Treaty of Versailles indicates that the Weimar Republic was weak as well, because a strong political system would not have accepted such a treaty. The Treaty of Versailles assisted the growth and rise to power of Hitler and the Nazi Party in 1933, as they promised to scrap the Treaty of Versailles. The capitalization of the weaknesses in the Weimar Republic, led to the growth and rises to power of the Nazi Party in 1933, because of the Nazi’s constant exploitation of the Weimar Republic and all of its mistakes, using them to its own advantage as well as the manipulation of incidents involving the Reichstag. The Nazi’s exploited the Weimar Republic’s mistakes, using the mood of resentment and frustration of the German public toward the failing Republic, promising a revitalization of will and a new beginning for Germany. The main incident that the Nazi’s manipulated was the Reichstag Fire, as once a Communist was found inside the wreckage, Hitler used this to his advantage and banned the communists from the Reichstag. The capitalization of the weaknesses involving the Weimar Republic and incidents involving the Reichstag as well as Nazi promises of a new beginning aided the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933. To summarize, the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic was partially responsible for the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933, although there are many external factors for the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party. These weaknesses involve Article 48, the Enabling Act, the role of President Hindenburg, the Hyperinflation Crisis of 1923. The external factors include the Treaty of Versailles and Article 231 – the War Guilt Clause, the Dawes Plan and the Great Depression, as well as the exploitation of the Weimar Republic’s mistakes as a government and the manipulation of incidents involving the Reichstag, used to the Nazi Party’s advantage. These points ultimately led to the growth and rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933.

Discourse Analysis on Winston Churchill and Tony Blair

Section 1 1. 1 In this essay, I will be conducting a discourse analysis on a speech made by Winston Churchill in the 1940s, when he informed the British public that they will be entering war. I will use sociological research which examines the discourse of politics to supply context for this speech. My research topic is to discover in this essay is how Prime Ministers use persuasive techniques to win the support of the people.To achieve this, I will be comparing Churchill’s speech to Tony Blair’s speech in 2003 when he declared war on Iraq, to see what changes and similarities of discourses there are, regarding persuading and gaining the support of the people. 1. 2 The consideration of the audience and their specific thoughts and feelings is certainly an essential theme when making a speech. Politicians use the spoken word to rule, inform, strengthen and communicate with the public in order to implement their own, or their party’s politics.As van Dijk puts it, â €Å"social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context (2001: 352). † If we are the people who vote to put these politicians in power, we ought to become more aware of the strategies and tactics behind their speeches. This will give us more opportunity of making a fair judgement of the real meaning of the message, rather than the persuasive and deceiving language that often clouds our judgement.I will be using critical discourse analysis and rhetorical political analysis as it is an approach that is suitable for written texts and helpful for discovering institutional meanings that lay hidden within rhetorical strategies. This method will facilitate me in finding the ideological dimension of discourse within the speeches I am analyzing (Cameron 2001:123). 1. 3Using critical discourse analysis I will analyse how the language used in political speeches functions as a type of social practice tha t â€Å"constructs the objects of which it purports to speak (Cameron 2001:123)†.We can apply critical discourse analysis to expose the ways discourse is interwoven with society and culture, Wodak notes â€Å"society and culture are shaped by discourse, and at the same time constitute discourse (Wodak 2000:146)†. The use of language can reproduce or transform society and culture and it can also be ideological. A way to discover its ideological qualities is by exploring their â€Å"interpretation, reception and social effects (Wodak 2000:146)†. By xamining speeches made by Winston Churchill and Tony Blair, I will seek to find the ideological messages that lie beneath their rhetoric language and uncover in what way their statements have persuaded the British public and if their discourses have gained the public’s support. 1. 4We now turn to the second indentified approach outlined in the introduction, rhetorical political analysis. It particularly focuses o n the character and nature of rhetoric and its position in political analysis. Rhetorical style is concerned with the arrangement of the narrative.Johannesson (2000:65) refers to numerous ways of forming a classical rhetoric speech; both Churchill and Blair use ‘disposito’, giving their argument structure; and ‘narratio’, giving the listener essential background information. Historically, rhetorical has been used since the ancient Greek and Roman times and the Great philosopher Aristotle wrote a rhetoric textbook where he established the goals of this discipline. The old laws of the rhetoric lived on in the modern world mostly in politics, and the battles of the Second World War were not just fought on land, but also on the air by great orators such as Hitler and Churchill.Both Churchill and Blair use many of the classic rhetorical structures when delivering their speeches which I will examine further in the next section. Section 2 2. 1 On the 13th May 1940 was Churchill’s first radio broadcast as Prime Minister with the direct audience being the British public. This was a live broadcast, with the objective to inform the nation of the upcoming attack on Britain by the Germans. It becomes apparent that Churchill’s key intention here is to persuade the nation in becoming actively involved in the war.His reasons of calling upon the nation as a whole were because all men were needed to fight, not just those who were in the army. Churchill was possibly attempting to involve every individual in the war, as his speech shows, â€Å"There will be many men and women on this island who when the ordeal comes upon them, as come it will, will feel comfort and even pride that they are sharing the perils of the lads at the front. † (13. 05. 40. ) He convinces the country to remain optimistic by saying â€Å"We may look with confidence to the stabilization of the front in France. † (13. 05. 40).On the 4th June 1940, Churchi ll spoke to the House of Commons; who were his target audience, however there was also the wider audience of the nation. Conscious that the speech would be made public, Churchill did not exclusively turn to the audience – members of the House of Commons but rather he was addressing the outside audience with a clear goal to diminish the will of resistance among the British and conveying out a message to the USA to join the war with Britain. The speech made by Tony Blair to the House of Commons on 18th March 2003, was most likely one of the most important speeches of his years as the Prime Minister.This was a speech with the sole intention to persuade his audience – Parliament – to vote for Britain to participate in the war in Iraq. Blair would not have been able to declare war without having the support of the Parliament, therefore it was crucial to gain their vote. The main audience of Blair’s speech in 2003 were the British public. During this live broad cast, Blair told the nation that military action had already begun in Iraq. He attempted to convince the British public that he had made the right decision in sending troops to fight, thus trying to justify his actions.Although the people of Britain were the direct audience, it is possible that Blair was reaching to a wider world wide audience. In his speech Blair addresses the people of Iraq directly saying â€Å"I hope the Iraqi people hear this message, our enemy is not you, but your barbarous rulers. † (20. 03. 03) Even though Churchill and Blair’s speeches are slightly different concerning their goals, both use similar methods in order to persuade the British public. In the following sections I will analyse and consider the persuasive techniques I feel are of most significance.They include the use of personal pronouns, rhetorical style, repetition and parallelism with a brief discussion of the delivery of speech. 2. 2 Personal pronouns are very much linked with po wer and solidarity, therefore the choice of pronoun that each Prime Minister uses replicates this. When talking to the nation and the House of Commons both Churchill and Blair use the first person pronoun ‘I’ on numerous times. ‘I’ tends to be used by both leaders much more often when addressing the House of Commons. The other first person pronouns which were used were ‘Me’ and ‘My. ‘My’ was used when each leader was putting across their personal beliefs and opinions, such as Blair’s hatred for Saddam, â€Å"My detestation of Saddam. † (Blair 18th March 2003) ‘Me’ has similar functions to ‘I’ as it symbolises the speaker and demonstrates that he is committing himself to his pledge. Wales (1996:66) said it is usually used to refer to the speaker and third parties who may not be present in the current situation. The use of ‘we’ can be exploited to contribute the responsibilit y. The general use of ‘we’ refers to the speaker and the listener.Through the use of inclusive ‘we’ we can see how the leader’s assume to speak on the audience’s behalf, for example â€Å"We must not allow ourselves to be intimidated by the presence of these armoured vehicles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Churchill 13th May 1940) Churchill uses ‘we’ inclusively numerous times to refer to himself and the people of Britain as one which in turn encourage solidarity. It is used most often by both leaders with the aim to persuade the audience to work as a team, by saying collective statements, for example â€Å"we will† â€Å"we shall† and so forth.Both Churchill and Blair tend to use ‘we’ with the double implication that they are not only speaking on behalf of their party but also on behalf of their audience. 2. 3 Churchill uses methods of persuasion through reasoning; here he aims to calm the British, arguing their brief safety using rational reasoning: â€Å"We must never forget the solid assurances of sea power and those which belong to air power if it can be locally exercised. † (Churchill, paragraph 22) Its noted by Atkinson (1984:37) from his analysis of speeches that one of the most frequent means of extracting agreement is what he calls a â€Å"list of three. In political speeches lists of three are usually easy to remember â€Å"Of our country, of our Empire, of our Allies. † (Churchill’s address to the nation 13th May 1940) Throughout his speeches Churchill has a tendency to use three part lists, as it makes the speech more memorable and therefore more likely to persuade the audience. In Blair’s speech to the House of Commons, he uses a two-part list, â€Å"No to any ultimatum; no to any resolution. † (18th March 2003) In a way we can see how these lists function in the similar way to parallelism, as they serve to emphasise the point being made.Three par t lists are memorable for both the speaker and the listener as they are rooted in some cultures as encouraging a sense of solidarity and totality. The final category of persuasion is persuasion through the art of reasoning. Blair uses this method much more than Churchill. During his speech, Blair discusses a series of events to the House of Commons notifying them of Saddam Hussain’s actions. We can see how Blair felt it imperative to include factual information, as this was the only way to justify his actions for urging Britain to go to war. 2. Churchill and Blair both perform the characteristics of a strong, virtuous leader. Churchill – who led the last free European nation against Hitler, dares to confront the apparently relentless Nazi attack on Europe – in so doing so, Churchill offered hope of freedom to the British people. Churchill’s choice of words and tone were very dramatic, and he used emotionally charged words to get to the heart of the people . Churchill’s soundbite holds identical features as the Blair equivalents to his manifesto, â€Å"Tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime. † (4. 07. 1993).Both leader’s use the Aristotelian three main ‘means of persuasion’ through the arousal of emotion, the persuasion through reasoning and persuasion through personality and stance. Rhythm is one of the key features when analysing at the speeches, as this is what makes them flowing and thus effective. The use of lists of three memorable words and repetition of the main issues adds to the rhythm of the speech. Churchill generally uses the list of three and repetition more than Blair, therefore his speeches are more rhythmic. A very important and smart method used by both Churchill and Blair is the use of repetition and parallelism.Both Churchill and Blair used this device in order to gain their audiences support. One of the main reasons why Churchill’s speech to the House of Commons is convincing is because of his use of structural parallelism at the end of his speech, â€Å"We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, We shall fight on the seas and oceans, We shall fight with growing confidence in the air, We shall fight on the beaches, We shall fight on the landing grounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Churchill 4th June 1940) In contrast, Blair’s does not use the structural parallelism in his speech to the House of Commons to the extent Churchill does.However Blair does use repetition to implement his point is, for example: â€Å"It is dangerous if such regimes disbelieve us, Dangerous if they think they can use our weakness, our hesitation even the natural urges of our democracy towards peace against us, Dangerous because one day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18th March 2003) Blair also repeats the word ‘dangerous’ in order to reiterate his aim and convince his audience that if they do not agree to war, they will be facing a dangerous state of affairs.Section 3 3. 1 Comparing Churchill’s and Blair’s speeches I have shown that there are many resemblances in the way they deliver speeches such as, explaining in honesty, the seriousness of the threat and how they both describe the enemy as evil, but also in putting their causes in a global context and in terms of using rhetorical devices, they both use repetition, soundbites, contrastive pairs and the â€Å"list of three†. The â€Å"list of three† is a perfect device when declaring war.The inclusiveness and stress of national solidarity and unity is what a leader needs to communicate and restore faith with the people. The major difference between the two leaders is that Blair uses the inclusive approach towards the world and possible allies, whereas Churchill speaks more exclusively for Britain solely. This also shows the difference in the times the speeches were made, as when Churchill made his speech it would have only reached the British public.In comparison, Blair’s speech was televised globally, therefore he must address the audience more inclusively to make it relevant for the listeners. Although Blair’s speech could be said to build on the works of Churchill such as using the same rhetorical devices, being a well composed oratory and being expertly performed, ultimately, it is always the circumstances under which a speech is delivered that will give the speaker and the speech their rightfully earned respect. 3. To conclude, critical discourse analysis is a suitable method to analyse political speeches as it sees language as social practices, and as productive of knowledge which maintains power. It is particularly concerned with language used in political speeches and the media so it is not just context specific, but audience-specific. However, a disadvantage is although it had implications for individual language use, there are words and phrases they use which may not be applicable in 30 years time, as language is forev er evolving.The limits of discourse analysis is that it does not give us a representation of the persons proposed psychological state, it instead focuses on power in a social context and how this is made through language, how it is challenged and recycled. I believe the use of language analysis related to social concepts could be more expanded by having studies made into how social situations themselves cause the discourse we use, also investigating how new meanings are given to words and what social implications they have in society. Bibliography: Books:Atkinson, J (1985) Structures of Social Action: Cambridge University Press Cameron, Deborah Working with spoken discourse: Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge. Gee, J. P. (2005). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. London: Routledge Seale, Clive (2004) Researching society and culture: Sage Publications Ltd; Second Edition Wodak, Ruth (2000) Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis: London, Sage Publications Wood, Linda A. (2000) Doing Discourse Analysis: Sage Publications Articles and Websites:Egbert. J Baker: ‘Grammar As Interpretation: Greek Literature in Its Linguistic Contexts’ (1997) http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=L8VmSJeZCw0C&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=we+shall+fight+on+the+beaches+discourse+analysis&source=bl&ots=Kpm7QW94Mk&sig=1i_rPybz_RMBd1l_WB0nkeXWsso&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IOzqUKKeLoqU0QXYkoGQAw&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=we%20shall%20fight%20on%20the%20beaches%20discourse%20analysis&f=false (online book) Fairclough & Wodak: Critical discourse analysis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Linguistics and English Language (1997) www. ing. lancs. ac. uk/staff/norman/critdiscanalysis. doc (online word document) Guardian: Full text: Tony Blair's speech (2003) http://www. guardian. co. uk/politics/2003/mar/18/foreignpolicy. iraq1 (website article) Language in use: Sir Winston Churchill â€Å"We shall fight them on the beaches†

Advanced Counselling Skills Essay

1. Understand the process of a series of counselling sessions. 1.1 Identify the stages of a series of counselling sessions. A well-structured counselling session provides an essential framework for both counsellor and client. Many authors describe the structure of a counselling work in terms of a beginning, middle phase and end Jacobs (2004). Gray (2004) likens the structure to an artist’s frame encapsulating a picture stating â€Å"Just as the frame around a picture serves to enhance and contain the material within it, so the structure erected around a counselling arrangement supports the work the participants are engaged in†. The beginning session is crucial for establishing trust, initial rapport and boundary settings. This is described in more detail in 1.2. The middle phase of the session is the working part where the exploration and the work takes place. It involves some or all of the key counselling skills. The main aims are ensuring using skills that support the client to feel secure enabling them to recognise their emotions, thought processes and behaviours and reflect on these. It gives space enabling clients to establish their own change. The ending is the third stage and is an action phase. It is result of the enhancement of the client’s self-acceptance and the associated internalising of his locus of evaluation. It contains elements of review and importantly effective closure for both client and counsellor. 1.2 Evaluate the importance of an appropriate opening of a series of sessions. The beginning of a session is important to establish trust, rapport and set boundaries. The contract occurs to help establish a  professional relationship. It includes confidentiality, time, money, complaints and client expectations of the counselling environment. Day and Sparacio (1988) describe this as â€Å"a joint understanding between the counsellor and client regarding the characteristics, conditions, procedures and parameters of counselling†. Establishing a solid professional relationship which is clearly boundaries reduces the chance of conflict in the future sessions. It empowers the client to feel secure and valued and protects the counsellor from possible issues such as over money or time keeping. Opening sessions allow for the first positive and professional impression to be made. The client may feel unsure of the process and the opening session(s) allows for trust to develop alongside the client’s willingness to open up. At the beginning the power is on the side of the counsellor due to knowledge this shifts towards the client through explanation of the process as there are no hidden agendas. 1.5 Explain the importance of working towards the ending of a series of sessions. In person centred counselling the client generally dictates the end point although a counsellor may still initiate an ‘endings’ discussion inviting the clients opinion on this. There are three areas that can be defined in preparing for an ending of sessions. Reviews and restarts and preparation for ending This is to explain to the client that although the current counselling process counselling is coming to an end it is not necessarily a cure all one-time event. It may be entered into again later in life or the client may not feel the need for future intervention. Reviewing the counselling process This is to develop and check a client’s cognitive understanding of what has transpired. Practical questions posed by Bayne (2008) could take the form of How does the client feel about the ending? What has this counselling relationship been like? What has been achieved? What has the client learned to help in the future? What might happen in the future? Unfinished business This is a chance for a client to voice questions or uncertainties that may have gone unsaid and focus on short work that still needs to be achieved. Both client and counsellor need to be able reflect on the ending for themselves, on what has been achieved, and what are their own reactions to an ending. In counselling endings may not go to plan and some clients may end sessions without notice. This could leave the counsellor feeling unsettled that the relationship has not been ended well for either of them. Clients may decide in the middle of a series of sessions the counselling is not for them because it’s not working or what it brings up is too difficult at that time. Financial or life demands may also stop the client from coming. Some clients may not realise they are ready for the ending and feel rejected by the suggestion this could come from rejections in previous life events and needs careful handling. This is similar to Egan’s (1986) model the â€Å"Three stage f ramework† which lists exploration, understanding and action in sessions. 1.3 Explain the purpose and importance of a working agreement for a series of sessions. A working agreement is important as the counselling relationship is a contract either as a private personal therapist or as part of an agency. There are guidelines and procedures from the British Association of Counselors and Physcotherapists (BACP) and the agency that need to be followed in order to protect the agency, client and counsellor. It is important that a contract is agreed and this includes practical considerations such as (money, time, location and frequency of sessions). It can also include the model and style of work that the counsellor and client wish to work within. Within the contract confidentiality is essential to help secure the client and build a sense of trust and professional relationship. This can be explaining how records are kept, supervision and permission to share certain information with G.P with or without prior consent from the client. Other practical arrangements may be such as what procedure to follow if the client or counsellor cannot make a session or how they can contact each other or holidays. It is useful to set out what will and won’t happen in counselling is so there is a baseline of understanding. This may include issues such as physical proximity and touching. It may  relate to chance meetings outside of the room and how they could be handled. It can include other sign posting and emergencies contacts if the counsellor is not available. The counsellor can explain his or her role and the expectations of this alongside the role and expectation of the clients such as time keeping and commitment to the process. It can involve the difficulty of endings and developing an agreement with the client if they chose to end the sessions early calls the c ounsellor for closure on both sides. In conclusion the counselling relationship is based on the counsellor’s ability to identify the client’s expectations and anxiety about the service. To be able to clarify the clients and counsellors ability and limitations of the relationship. Laying the foundations of the contact protects the counsellor and client physically and emotionally and reduces the chances of conflict that could derail the therapeutic relationship. For example payments could affect the power relationship between counsellor and client. Without an agreement the client is less likely to feel secure and valued by the counsellor and be more likely to not commit fully to the therapeutic process. 1.4 Explain the purpose and importance of reviewing progress with the client (assessment). Traditionally assessment is not generally emphasised in the person centred counselling approach as it disrupts the clients from focusing on themselves and working with their feelings, shifting the focus of attention from the client to the counsellor. However, given the nature of the counselling work and contract based work counsellor’s work within it is often necessary and required by an agency. I personally see assessment as key to gaining insight in to the client and building a plan of work. Counselling is a contractual relationship as part of this there needs to be regular review of the work being undertaken to ensure the goals or conditions established are being met and progress is being made. Assessment according to Gladding (2009) entails â€Å"the collection of information in order to identify, analyse, evaluate and address the problems, issues and circumstances of clients in the counselling relationship†. This is then used to identify potential work needed, planning interventions and evaluation clients. Assessment is a process in counselling not just a beginning and end event. Brammer (1989) writes on assessment saying â€Å"the integration of assessment information  requires a process of developing a description and explanation of the client’s problems that will be used as a basis for a therapeutic plan. The therapist is interested in linking the client presenting problems to the client personalised meaning of the problem, unique developmental history, family system interactions and formulate explanations that hypothesise about why the client has become symptomatic at this particular time† At the beginning of a series of sessions time needs to be given over to an initial assessment it can use a number or practical tools such as assessment questionnaires. This, as stated above, can help identify possible areas of work. It can inform to the counsellor that their client requires more specialist help such as complex trauma work and a referral needed. Alongside this an initial assessment may take the following structure and can look for information on: Current problems Previous counselling experience Occupation, relationship and children Medical and health Why choosing counselling now What to gain form counselling Historical information school, upbringing, memories and diversity issues Support networks Discussion on if counselling is suitable or referral made. Some counsellors add a review into the end of every session this is particularly relevant with short focused based counselling. Evaluation sheets may be used every week as part of NHS contracted work to establish progress or value added for the organisation to justify funding. Reviewing of work may be just once in the middle of a series of sessions for less focus based work as around 8 to 10 sessions. With longer open ended contract whole sessions maybe given over to reviewing. These may use formal evaluation forms such as Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation forms (CORE) or other methods such as Primary Health Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Questionnaire (PHQ-9). It may simply be a session dedicated to discussion over the clients progress overall. Evaluation or assessment, as a process, can be useful to show the client the progress they are making. It is essential to relate back to the initial question as although counselling may  have been useful, and the client feel better, but has it redressed the clients presenting problem? 1.6 Explain the importance of ensuring the environment is suitable and safe. The space in which the session takes place is important; it should be quiet, safe and above all confidential. All distractions such as mobile phones or interruptions should be minimised. It should remain consistent, comfortable and neutral in design. Both client and counsellor safety in terms of health and safety and lone working arrangements should be catered for. Green (2010) describes the importance of the room and lack of personal or religious aspects saying â€Å"the room is a kind of metaphor for what will take place between you. You the counsellor are going to be fully present, warm and available to the client but you are not going to being other aspects of yourself into the equation†. 2. be able to conduct a counselling session with a client in an ethical, effective and safe way. 2.1 Open the session, explaining the working agreement including 2.2 Develop the session using the following skills and interventions appropriate for the session and the model used. 2.3 End a session appropriately, usually the following where applicable See recording 3. Be able to reflect on the counselling session 3.1 Evaluate the effectiveness of the opening of the session This session was a continuation of previous sessions the need to open the session effectively and invite the client in still remains. In this session the contract was reviewed including the essentials of time boundaries, confidentiality, student status and ethical framework. In addition to this contract permission was sought to record the session. The contract was shorter than normal and on reflection could have been delivered slower and given invitation for the client throughout to ask questions. In the opening of the session I invited the client in and to do this briefly reflected and offered a summary of work that had taken place in the previous sessions. This was to show my attentiveness and show the client they had been heard previously and my attention was firmly on them from the outset of the session. 3.2 Justify the use of skills used during the session Attentiveness and rapport building The rapport with the client had been set in previous sessions and continued through this one. This was shown by a short summary at the beginning reflecting on topics from these previous sessions. The client was given an opportunity to bring one of these prior topics or something new to the session with the question â€Å"I was wondering which avenue you would like to go down today?† [3.45] Active listening Active listening is to show the client they are being heard. This is not only through verbal ques and reflecting but also in non-verbal ways. Throughout the session there were nonverbal examples of my attentiveness with nodding and smiling where appropriate and also the â€Å"Um† and â€Å"Okay† comments to encourage the client to continue with their story. Examples of this are at [10.52] after the client â€Å"I feel like I have to step in and get **** to see it from his perspective†. I use them â€Å"Um† instead of questioning as I sensed there was more to come from the client about this point. They start to question themselves so the nonverbal action was affective. Empathic listening Empathy is a way of being not just a professional role or communication skill it is attending to both the physical and psychological and listens to the clients view point. Empathy builds self-confidence and positive regard alongside promotes professionalism. Listening to the client and them feeling held in the session is crucial to allow them the space and security to open up. In this session there were several examples where I show the client they are being heard. This is around [13.30] minutes into the session where I ask the client â€Å"I wonder what you are left feeling?† At [16.10] I ask â€Å"Where do you see yourself?† The client throughout is focusing on their partner and their children but not on their own feelings. Effective questioning Open ended questions allow for the free flow of information, understanding the problem better and allows for rapport building. Closed questions that only elicit a yes or no elicit the opposite response of closing down the conversation. In the session there are a few open questions such as â€Å"I wonder what you mean by you know† [5.25]. This is to try and elicit what the client means in the context. Another example is â€Å"What does it feel like for you when the tensions going on?† The aim is to open up the clients feelings more at that point in their life and gain better understanding. Summarising My summary occurs 4 minutes from the end of the session. The client is made aware of this by the statement â€Å"If I could summarise†. The idea being to check the client felt heard and that there was no bits that I had missed from the session as the client should leave feeling heard and valued. The summary went over the salient points of the session allowing chance for reflection on the positives that came out of the conversation. The aim being to leave the client with a positive feeling relating to the work that have done. The client then reflects themselves back about something they have discovered about their relationship and how they may look at it differently. At the end the client is thanked and given an invitation to continue this exploration next session. Thus allowing the client time to think before the next session on what they would like to bring. This is to leave the session’s client centred. Focusing and challenging At [25.29] the client begins to bring in another aspect to the topic. Although potentially relevant there is little time to explore this topic. Focusing allowed for this session to stay on the track it I said â€Å"We only have a few minutes left of the session. Your Mum has been mentioned in several sessions but I’m wondering if we can stay focused on that moment†. By focusing the aim was to explore the feeling in more detail and not allow avoidance alongside not bringing a new topic when there was no time to fully explore this being so close to the end of a session. Immediacy There is a good example of immediacy in the session. It is important as a counsellor to not only hear what the client is saying but also be aware of their body language. At [10.42] I say to the client â€Å"You gestured with your hands that sense of balance† then I reflect on the balance between the children and partner that the client has been talking about. Working at an appropriate pace Pacing in this session was good. As a counsellor mine matched that of the clients throughout. This had already been established in the previous sessions although the contract could have been slowed down. The idea is to match the clients pace, pitch, tone and speed. A counsellor can use their own tone of pitch to slow the client down if they are running away with their story rather than taking the time to pause and think. Checking understanding with the client There were several examples of checking understanding with the client. The first occurred at [3.00] where I asked â€Å"Would you mind briefly going through†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† This was seeking clarity of a historical event. The second occurred at [9.00] with the question â€Å"Remind me how long †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† Although covered in a previous session it was important that the time frames being worked with were accurate. The aim being to also focus the client on the actual length of time they have been with their new partner. 3.3 Explain why other skills were not used during the session Managing silence There was no silence in the session this was due to my need to develop this skill. The spaces still feel unnatural and there were several chances where it could have been used. At [23.15] after the client responds they pose their own question â€Å"What will happen if I don’t?† I respond â€Å"Good question what will happen if you don’t†. At this moment the client should have been given time to think. Instead of this I looked to direct the conversation instead of holding the client in that moment and giving them the space. A second example was when the client comments â€Å"Why am I doing it†. I jumped in instead of leaving the space. If the silence had continued beyond the client’s reflection then I could have paraphrased this back to them to  highlight their thinking at that time. These interruptions potentially could cause the client to get nervous, stop the flow of information or feel intimidated. They could lose confidence in the proce ss and by not feeling heard could prevent communication in the future. Challenging During this session there was a very poor example of challenging where I asked the client â€Å"You’ve spoken about protecting the teenagers I was wondering if it was about protecting your relationship as well†. This was about my addenda to find out if there was a link and did not add value to the conversation at that point instead it detracted from the clients work. An example of missed challenging occurred at [6.39] the client uses the word â€Å"worried† four times in a minute. I could have challenged them on what the word worried meant to them as each of us carries our own perception. Working with diversity as it impacts on the session Within this session I sis not bring in diversity. Although working with this client there is normally an element as they are not British born and moved to the UK as an adult. So culturally in terms of relationships and family dynamics there is a possibility of needing to understand the difference. Language has in previous sessions been a barrier with needing to clarify my understanding of how Evaluate the effectiveness of closing the session This session was closed well the client was given a warning that was near the end of time with me saying â€Å"We only have a few minutes left†. They were then offered â€Å"If I could summarise†. The summary covered the main points from the session and allowed the client to affirm these. It gave opportunity to leave a positive point for the client to think upon to leave them secure after the session. It also opened up the possibility for the topic for the next session allowing them homework of reflection. The client by responding and affirming the summary gave rise to the fact they felt heard in the session. The session was within the time boundaries and the client was thanked for the session. Recognition was given to the next meeting with the client. Bibliography Brammer, L. Shostrom E and Abrego, P. (1989) Therapeutic Psychology Fundamentals in Counselling and Psychotherapy. 5th Ed. New Jersey: Prenice Hall. Bayne, R. (2008). The counsellor’s handbook. Cheltenham, U.K.: Nelson Thornes. Day, R.W and Sparacio (1988) Structuring the counselling process in Dryden (2008) Key Issues for Counselling in Action. London: SAGE Egan, G (1986) The skilled helper. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Gray, A (2004) An introduction to the Therapeutic frame, London: Routledge Green, J and Claringbull, N. 2010 Creating the therapeutic relationship in counselling and psychotherapy. Exeter: Learning Matters Gladding, S.T (2009) Counselling: A Comprehensive profession (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Jacobs M (2004) Psychodynamic Counselling in Action (3rd Edition) London: Sage

Why was Microsoft so dominant during the birth of the personal Dissertation

Why was Microsoft so dominant during the birth of the personal computing era and beyond - Dissertation Example ’, this study revealed that the decision of Bill Gates to focus on developing useful software (i.e. Microsoft Office, MS-Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) triggered the success and triumph of this company. By not spending much money in the development of computer hardware, Microsoft was able to easily enter into a business partnership with other companies like IBM as part of making its software products widely accepted by the end-consumers. Despite the ability of Microsoft to dominate the personal computer industry, the primary research findings revealed that there are some IT experts who are not satisfied with the security and software quality offered by Microsoft as compared to other software manufacturers like Mac. To preserve Microsoft’s position as one of the world’s widely known software developer, this study strongly suggest the need on the part of Microsoft personnel to focus on solving security problems among others. Table of Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 1.1 Terms of Reference †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 1.2 Main Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 1.3 Sub Aims/Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 1.4 Achieving the Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 1.5 Introduc tion to the Texts Being Critically Reviewed .. 6 1.5.1 Foreword †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 1.5.2 Source of Reliability †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 6 2. Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 2.1 Authors’ Main Claims to the Research Question †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2.1.1 A Brief History of Computing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 2.1.2 The Rise of Microsoft †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 2.1.3 The Corporate Strategy of Bill Gates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 2.1.4 Technological Advancements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 2.1.5 Marketing and Public Attitudes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 3. Research Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 3.1 Primary Research Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 3.2 Research Survey Questionnaire Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 17 3.3 Target Population, Sample Size, and Research Venue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 3.4 Research Evaluation and Analysis Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 3.5 Research Ethics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 4. Research Findings and Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 5. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Appendix I – Quantitative Research Survey Questionnaire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 Appendi x II – Research Interview Questionnaire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 31 Appendix III – Age Group of Research Survey Respondents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Appendix IV – Estimated Time of Using a Personal Computer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 Appendix V – Types of Computer Owned by the Research Survey Respondents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 34 Appendix VI – Length of Time Using a Computer at Work or Home .. 35 Appendix VII – Confidence Level with Regards to the Use of Computers in Carrying Out Everyday Tasks †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 36 Appendix VIII – Confidence Level in Using Microsoft Windows in Carrying Out Everyday Tasks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 37 Appendix IX – Brand of Operating System Installed on Computers and Other Related Devices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 38 Appendix X  œ Brand of Operating System Installed in Home Computers and Laptops †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 39 Appendix XI –

Price Determination under a Freely Operating Market System Essay

Price Determination under a Freely Operating Market System - Essay Example This helps in the determination of the type of goods to be produced and the quantity of that particular that is required to be produced. Now, whether a consumer of the goods would buy it or not helps in the determination of the quantity of a particular type of goods to be produced (Haber, 2000, p.10). The recent fall in prices of residential properties in UK has been explained using the market theory in this study. Determination of Price in a Market A market can be considered to be composed of two of its fundamental components. They are: supply and demand. The price of a commodity is determined through the interaction of these two market forces, i.e. supply and demand of the commodity in the market. As discussed earlier market is a place where exchange of commodities takes place between the suppliers and buyers. However this type of transaction can take place only when both the sellers and buyers have agreed upon a price for the particular commodity that is involved in the transactio n. Supply can be defined as the quantity of goods or services a business firm has in offer for sale in the market and it is offered at a pre-determined price set by the business firm. On the other hand, demand is the quantity of goods or services which the consumers are willing to buy at a specified price (Goldberg, 2000, p.72). In a freely operating market system, the sellers and buyers are free to carry out the transaction of goods and services at a mutually agreed price and they are not intervened by any other individuals or entities. Thus in a free market the prices of the goods or services are freely set and are based on the supply and demand of the transacted goods or services. Some of the key determinants of a free market economy are: a) Prices determined freely, b) Rights and incentives associated with the property, c) Freedom of trading at home or abroad, d) Government’s role, and e) the private organisation’s role (Taylor, 2006, p.14-15). Equilibrium Price Fi gure-1 shown below represents two different curves which are the supply and demand curves. Both of these curves are found to intersect at a point which is known as the point of equilibrium. It is actually the market’s equilibrium (Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development, 2012). The corresponding quantity and price of products at the point of equilibrium are known as equilibrium quantity and the equilibrium price. It is the actions taken by the sellers and the buyers which help in driving the market towards this equilibrium price or in other words the equilibrium of the supply and demand (Mankiw, 2011, p.77). Figure-1 Equilibrium Price Supply Equilibrium Equilibrium Price Demand Equilibrium Quantity Source: (Author’s Creation) Residential Property Prices in UK It has been observed that the prices of residential properties in United Kingdom (UK) have fallen considerably over the past few years. This observed phenomenon can be explained through the market theory involving the two market components, namely, supply and demand of the residential properties in UK. The world economy along with UK experienced a housing boom

National Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

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MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Their human resources make them the best company by making sure they deliver the results as anticipated and with the best motivation to meet their required targets (Leavitt, 280). On their product development, they pay much attention to their shapes to attract more customers, the company is concerned with customer satisfaction as their driving factor in order to thrive in their business. These current assets are fast moving, and they avoid holding of stock to deter their development. In this case, their products are manufactured at a cost effective strategy and in return are sold at reasonable prices hence their success. The company has a very stable and straightforward thinking management which makes their plans and aims at achieving these strategic plans. Their management is set in a manner that they can coordinate their function globally hence making them meet the desired company outcome in the market. Their services are well planned, and it helps them to enjoy the competitive advantage in their operations. Lastly, the company has strategic plans which coordinate their functions. These plans are very vital in managing their progress (Leavitt, 280). They consistently use their swot analysis to meet their marketing needs according to the data obtained. This boosts their performance hence enjoying their competitive

Domestic Terrorism Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Netflix - Essay Example Bargaining Power of the Buyers The movie rental industry is highly dependent on the buyers similar to that of other industry. Buyers purchase DVD’s or access internet to watch movies of their preferred choices. Contextually, they need to pay for the movies that they desire to watch and in turn, they seek utmost quality for the same. Additionally, having several players offering similar product, buyers are enabled with number of choices to choose from. This raises buyers’ bargaining power (Thompson, n.d.). Bargaining Power of the Suppliers In this industry sector, suppliers have the authority to choose a single dealer through whom they can enhance their bargaining power. However, in order to maximize profit and market share, suppliers are inclined to sell their products to every company, thereby limiting their bargaining power to medium (Thompson, n.d.). Rivalry The cost of entering into this kind of industry is quite reasonable owing to which the competition among the c ompanies are quite high. A few of the competitors in this particular industry l include Blockbuster, internet movies and TV content providers among the prime ones (Thompson, n.d.). Threat of Substitute Products In general, there are no such threats of substitute for this kind of product owing to the reason that movies and TV programs have similar content irrespective of whoever is presented to the viewers. However, piracy and illegal file sharing can be a threat for the products (Thompson, n.d.). Threat of New Entrants Owing to low entry cost, more and more competitors can enter into this kind of business. However, certain big players like Blockbuster and Netflix seems to dominate this industry (Thompson, n.d.). Q. 2. What Forces Is Driving Change In The Movie Rental Industry And Is The Combined Impacts Of These Driving Forces Likely To Be Favorable Or Unfavorable In Term Of Their Effects On Competitive Intensity And Future Industry Profitability? The movie rental industry is driven by certain crucial forces such as advancement of technology, convenience of buyers and cost factors among others. With the advent of technologies like internet, watching movies has become more online than watching in TV through acquiring a hard copy of CD’s or DVD’s. Furthermore, technologies such as smartphone and computer enhance the viewing experiences of the people as they watch movies anytime and anywhere. In addition, it has also been viewed that people feel more convenient and comfortable in watching movies in internet through live streaming rather than buying a CD or DVD of the same from any video library. This not only saves their time but also minimizes cost. These forces are likely to be unfavorable for companies as they would need to shift their focus from renting DVDs or CDs to providing services online. However, this aspect might be profitable for them in the future in terms of attracting huge figure of customers (Thompson, n.d.). Q.3. What Key Factors W ill Determine A Company’s Success in the Industry in the Next 3-5 Years? In order to gain success in this particular industry, companies will require moving in parallel with the changing trends, demands and needs of the customers. Companies in the coming years will need to enhance their market coverage through widespread advertising to gain success in this particular industry. Moreover, they should also need to adopt and execute proper strategies in order to ensure maximum ease of the customers.

The Process of Market segmentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Process of Market segmentation - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the market consists of different types of consumers that have a variety of needs and various types of products. The market further divides itself into different types of consumers, further divided into subgroups and segments. The needs of these different types of consumers may vary due to a variety of factors. The concept of market segmentation, therefore, refers to the process of targeting different types of consumers with different marketing programmes and products, suitable to their needs. Market segmentation appears to be a simple theory; however, it remains one of the most widely researched marketing topics. The topic of market segmentation has been around in the world for nearly a decade. It has gained large importance these days, especially in the industrialized world. The needs of consumers are widely heterogenic; therefore, different products are made that target specific needs of consumers. The theory of market segmentation, given by Smith has ma intained its value, for he recognized the heterogeneity of the needs of the consumers, because of their differing preferences. The purpose of market segmentation covers maximizing sales and profits. In the modern world of today, the theory of market segmentation has undergone various changes and has gotten more complex. It remains extremely important for a marketer to have a detailed analysis of the needs and preferences of different types of consumers. Mass marketing does not take in to account all these different types of preferences. Therefore, the approach of market segmentation proves to be extremely beneficial. The marketing theory takes into account the different segments of the market. It also does not remain feasible to target the needs of each consumer. Consumer groups are divided according to their similar requirements and buying characteristics. The process of market segmentation begins this way. The factors that determine these segments include ‘geographic, demogr aphic, psychographic, and behavioral’ factors.

Analyzing Level of Development in Hong Kong Essay

Analyzing Level of Development in Hong Kong - Essay Example It is of fascinating to see how Hong Kong has risen to become an economy that is now ranked along with the big wigs of fully developed countries. Development in this context is the maximum utilization of the resources within a given area or country(Haq, 1995). There are multiple universally accepted indicators on how well developed a country is which can either be based on economic factors such as GDP, GNI and PPP, or socio-indicators such as availability and efficiency of public services, provision of health services, accessibility of education among others (Haq 1995). Over the past century to date, Hong Kong has come a long way, for in the nineteen thirties she would have been categorized as an underdeveloped economy. By the start of the Second World War, Hong Kong was still a British colony. On the 25th December 1941, Japan seized her, and occupied the country until August 1945. At the time of the occupation, the Hong Kong economy suffered a great setback. There was rapid inflation and severe food shortages since the Japanese were preserving food for their army. In this harsh environment, there was little economic growth fostered, with advances coming almost to a standstill. In addition, the official currency, the Hong Kong dollar was outlawed and replaced by the Japanese Military Yen. By 1945, the population of Hong Kong had shrunk by half, down front the pre-occupation number of 1.5 million inhabitants (Tsang, 2004). In recent years, Hong Kong has faced challenges and drawbacks at a national level that have had negative impacts on her economy. In 2003, there was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which led to a drastic decrease in the number of international tourists and a fall in the price of property by 66%.. The bird flu pandemic (H5N1), which had broke out on a full scale around the same time, but had been around for years led to the loss of poultry and chicken by the millions(BEAPA,2008). Another recent setback to the growth of the Hong Kong economy was the Asian financial crisis that occurred between the late part of 1997 and earl 1998. There was a collapse in the stock markets of some south East Asia, Hong Kong being one of them leading to a sharp depreciation in the value of their currencies. These had been preceded by the devaluation of the currencies of the economies involved. It took a while for Hong Kong to regain her momentum from this impediment (Gary,2003). factors that have worked in Hong Kong's favor towards development There are several factors that have fostered Hong Kong's rapid economic growth, one being that the Hong Kong market is friendly and liberal, thus she is quick to adapt to changes in international marketing trends. Her banking system has a rock solid base, she carries minimal public debt and sufficient foreign exchange reserves. These factors are coupled with a strong legal system and a staunch stand taken in fighting corruption (BEAPA, 2008). She has benefited from China's joining the World Trade Organization in that the latter markets her as a growing commercial hub with an amiable business environment,

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Essay Example for Free

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Essay The invasion was the result of a long-standing territorial dispute. Iraq accused Kuwait of violating the Iraqi border to secure oil resources, (on July 17, 1990 Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates of flooding the world oil market. In addition, he singled out Kuwait for the production of oil from a disputed supply, the Rumaila oil field), and demanded that its debt repayments should be waived. (7:1) Direct negotiations were begun in July 1990, but they were destined soon to fail; along with reassurance from the United States making a claim that they would not get involved (the famous meeting of Saddam Hussein with April Glaspie, the United States Ambassador to Iraq, on the 25th of July, 1990). This was the go ahead that Hussein needed. (8:1) Arab mediators convinced Iraq and Kuwait to negotiate their differences in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, on August 1, 1990, but that session resulted only in charges and countercharges. A second session was scheduled to take place in Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, but Iraq invaded Kuwait the next day. (9:1) Iraqi troops overran the country shortly after midnight on 2nd August 1990. The U. S. fell short on its claim to not get involved and instantly declared interest in keeping Saudi Arabia safe. (10:1) The History of Operation Desert Strom: On the morning of August 2, 1990 the mechanized infantry, armor, and tank units of the Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait and seized control of that country. The invasion triggered a United States response, Operation DESERT SHIELD, to deter any invasion of Kuwaits oil rich neighbor, Saudi Arabia. On August 7, deployment of U. S. forces began. United Nations Security Council Resolutions 660 and 662 condemned Iraqs invasion and annexation and called for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces. On August 20 President Bush signed National Security Directive 45, U. S. Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, outlining U. S. objectives which included the immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait, and the restoration of Kuwaits legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq. (2) A U. N. ultimatum, Security Council Resolution 678, followed on November 29, 1990. It stipulated that if Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein did not remove his troops from Kuwait by January 15, 1991 a U. S. -led coalition was authorized to drive them out. Early in the morning of January 17, Baghdad time, the U. S. -led coalition launched air attacks against Iraqi targets. On February 24, coalition ground forces begin their attack. On February 27, Kuwait City was declared liberated, and with allied forces having driven well into Iraq, President Bush and his advisers decided to halt the war. A cease-fire took effect at 8:00 the following morning. (3) A crucial element of the Persian Gulf war was the Iraqi launch of its modified Scud missiles. Iraq originally obtained Scud missiles, along with much of the rest of its military equipment, from their producerthe Soviet Union. This 1970s study provides basic data on various aspects of the Scud Bincluding, among others, its range, payload, warhead type, and accuracy. It also provides information on the background of the missile and conclusions based on U. S. materiel exploitation of one or more Scuds. (4) On December 2, 1990, six weeks before the United States and its allies initiated Operation Desert Storm, Iraq test launched three Scud missiles from sites in eastern Iraq, which impacted in western Iraq. This DIA report, based at least in part on data from Defense Support Program launch detection satellites, provides first notification of the launch and basic data on the nature of the missilesincluding type, launch sites and impact areasas well as other relevant information. It was reported that the Iraqi test firing allowed the U. S. to fine-tune its launch detection system, which proved of great value during Desert Storm. (5) During the Persian Gulf War Iraq fired 88 Iraqi-modified Scuds at Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain. The Scud attacks on Israel threatened to provoke Israel into a counterattack, which the U. S. wished to avoid for fear that it would shatter the Allied coalition. From the beginning of the war destruction of Iraqi Scuds represented a high priority for U. S. and allied forceswhich involved the use of space systems, aerial platforms, and special operations forces. Destruction of Iraqs mobile Scud forces proved far more difficult than expected, in part due to Iraqi tactics. At wars end there had been no confirmed kills of mobile Scuds. This post-war DIA assessment focuses on a number of subjects, including pre-war intelligence assumptions, Iraqi Scud deployment and dispersal, the capabilities of Iraqs extended range Scuds, and means of measuring the effectiveness of the counter-Scud effort. It concluded that the lessons learned during Operation DESERT STORM can provide the framework for developing a more effective, realistic approach to targeting both Third World ballistic missiles and Soviet mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles in the future. (6) A key element in allied success in the Persian Gulf War was the U. S. -British led air campaign prior to the commencement of the ground campaign. That air campaign marked the first major use of the F-117A, Nighthawk, stealth fighter, the existence of which was declassified in 1988 shortly before its first combat in Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama in 1989. This chronology, in addition to covering events related to F-117A deployment and operations, provides a day-by-day, wave-by-wave, account of operations against Iraqi targets. It provides specifics on targets, bombs dropped, and the 37th Fighter Wings general assessment of the effectiveness of the attacks. Subsequent studies of F-117A operations, such as that of the General Accounting Office, were more skeptical of the F-117A effectiveness. (7) What is the situation now in the context of 1990 war?

Causes of EU Integration with America

Causes of EU Integration with America Farid Muttaqi Question: Which is the relationship between internal European and external (American) motives for the start of European integration? Outline: Internal motives of EU integration Peace and Stability after WW Second The Global Influence Economical factor High Standards for a better life External motives (US) The factor of Economy and politics The Marshal Plan The Security factor and the US End Note The United States has strongly supported the European integration project since its inception as a means to foster democratic states and robust trading partners. The United States and the EU have a dynamic political partnership and share a huge trade and investment relationship. Internal Motives of Internal Integration Peace and Stability after WW Second: A second profit that Europeans coveted was peace and internal strength. This seems to have been particularly significant to the French, and various littler nations as they acknowledged their German neighbours. The French tried to bait Germany into close participation in the years promptly after the war while Germany was still generally feeble; it was suspected that Germany though had completely recuperated the country couldnt withdraw from these exchange contracts without significant expenses. Germany at this point seeking acknowledgement from its neighbours willingly went along. This yearning for territorial security could be seen in the advancement of forms, for example, the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 it was discerned that supranational control, and international integration of these industries might make it unrealistic for any part country to ambush an alternate. Further due to the imagined monetary ties, hostility against an individual part state might be rendered adverse to the aggressor’s own economy. So, a second unanticipated rationale was maintaining peace, presumably with specific accentuation on discouraging Germany against hostility.[1] Due to the development of up to date military technology in the XX century, the urgency of this difficulty has developed spectacularly. The huge boost in the number of casualties, the amount of human pain, and financial decimation has reinforced calls for organisations adept of protecting calm, particularly during and after the catastrophes of the two world conflicts. Then, the danger of atomic decimation and self-decimation and the emergence of new nationalisms after the end of the East-West Bloc structure have accentuated this difficulty in new ways.[2] The Global Influence: Another important key component is a decline in international leverage. After WWII was over, the countries, particularly Britain and France which were the foremost world powers in the past started to comprehend that they are no longer having sufficient influence in the world if operating alone. The development of the USA and USSR, with their massive populations and geographical domination, had the financial and military power to absolutely engulf Europe in a ‘Cold war’ with force exerted from both sides. It became clear-cut that European governments could just want to control the activities of these key players in Europe provided that they jointly raise their voice.[3] Both the first atomic tests Soviet Union conducted in 1949 and the Soviet Coup in Czechoslovakia of 1948 has resulted in the atmosphere of urgency. Western and Central Europeans were dreaded by the Soviet take over; Western Germany was perceived as the most vulnerable to Soviet invasions. However, Germany’s friends were not snug with a remilitarised Germany, except for the situation when this would appear in the context of supranational collaboration. This yearn for defence commanded to military alliances, namely the North Atlantic Treaty administration which was put together firstly to keep the Russians out of Western Europe, but furthermore in order to make sure that to Germany does not get too militant inside the borders of the continent.[4] Economical factor: The original document which has established the process the of European integration is the Schumann declaration of May 9, 1950. This document was entitled after the France’s foreign minister and motivated by Jean Monnet, a professional and municipal domestic who performed a crucial function in setting up European institutions in the following years. The affirmation proposed that â€Å"Franco-German output of coal and steel as an entire has to be put under the joint roof. The later was implied to be the common High Authority, inside the framework of an association open to the participation of the other countries of Europe.† The design was inspired by security, as a way â€Å"to make it simple that any conflict between France and Germany becomes not only unthinkable, but materially impossible.† The coal and iron steel output start was characterised as â€Å"a first step in the federation of Europe.† [5] The Schumann declaration has resulted in creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) with participation of the six nations (France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) in 1951. After that the ECSC was used as the institutional template for two suggested groups: the European Defence Community (EDC) and the European Political Community (EPC), which encompassed the formation of a widespread army, a widespread budget, and common organisations with important legislative and executive branches. The later would have fundamentally amounted to a European federation. This treaty underwent signing by the six nations in 1952 but failed to obtain ratification in the French assembly, and therefore the defence and political groups were not established in the end.[6] Local integration is routinely examined as one of the leading processes shaping the development of the European finances since World War II. Suppliers to the publications generally take one of the two advances to recognising its effects. The supporters of the idea of the narrative approach issue to influential persons (Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, Jacques Delors), key events (the conclusion to pattern the European Coal and Steel Community or ECSC, sign the Treaty of Rome, set up the Singe Market) and fundamental forces (the fondness of trade goods and banking concerns for trade and economic liberalization, the acquiescence and even support of the joined States for European integration), implying that things would have turned out rather differently if they would not exist. [7] At the end of World War II, the promoters of European integration accepted that at the roots of the continent’s political and financial ills was its fragmentation in unaligned and unconstrained territory states. The nationwide borders in the beginning of the XX century had been very exorbitant, as authorities raised obstacles to trade and pursued â€Å"beggar-thy-neighbour† principles throughout the Great Depression, and chased hard-hitting nationalistic policies leading to conflicts of unprecedented manner. [8] Europe’s great achievement following the Treaty of Rome was to entire its Common Market which entailed eliminating tariff obstacles to intra-Community trade. However, quantitative restrictions were still utilized to limit trade in perceptive sectors (e.g., farming products made by powerful ranch lobbies, or chosen developed items whose household production was glimpsed as absolutely vital to national security). Obstacles beyond the borders (product standards and guidelines) were furthermore sustained initially.[9] Economics in a narrower sense can be characterized as one of the purposeful shortfalls: it has become progressively clear that the national markets in Europe were too little for reasonable production methods. Their mutual walling-off was only shrewd on a provisional basis and counting on the specific output part; in the long period, this threatened to outcome in a decrease of productivity and consequently furthermore a loss of the legitimacy of the country.[10] High Standards for a better life: The last impetus in the direction of unity, one more relevant in recent years has been the achievement of European integration. The constituent nations of the European Union relish high measures of dwelling, economic significance, steadiness and security. Numerous nations bordering the amalgamation find the benefits of members appealing; in preceding years it has been documented how the countries of south Europe came to enjoy measures of living comparable to those of the formerly more affluent North. No question that this wealth and steadiness is the aim of numerous east European countries that used to be communist have lately searched European Union membership.[11] External motives (US) The factor of Economy and politics: In the timeframe of 6-8 decades the US has played a supportive role in the monetary and political integration of Europe, while people in the USA simultaneously kept ambivalent thought patterns towards the European Union and has preserved specific interaction with distinct nations around the world. People in the USA throughout their history, perhaps inside the colonial time along with the early stages of the republic, already been tightly connected to continental Europe. They have got likewise looked at American integration from the viewpoint in their personal history associated with monetary and political integration and for that reason one may say that they fundamentally looked at the European integration indulgently.[12] In the beginning several years after the World War II Americans discovered that EU integration if seen as a specific necessity of time can and will lead to make sure that peace is established, as well as stability and democracy are established. Effective US organizations prompted EU economic integration by means of alike policies as the Marshall strategic Plan so as to support and generate the actual orders for prosperity that may assist to be a defensive wall against communism. US enterprise leaders in addition considered the chance of a substantial, wide open EU current market depending on liberal economic guidelines to be a promising and also worthwhile of purchasing. US policymakers thought to be that the materials well-being connected with the United States was significantly connected to the actual prosperity connected with Europe, equally the actual safety connected with the United States was known as intimately connected to EU safety. Generally speaking, EU monetary and also p olitical integration has become great for the United States, mainly because it has additionally been great for Europe.[13] The actual causes regarding United States help were in reality very difficult in addition to its blurry character. America constantly supported EU integration regarding five motives the earlier had. In rising order, the reasons regarding USA help integrated the following: any desire to put into action federalist United states product within European countries; the trust that a built-in European countries will be better in addition to just rational; the expectation that EU co-operation inside the reams of security in addition to economical spheres would certainly minimize the Germany’s strength; the fact a solid European countries would certainly aid retaining the Soviet Union power. These kinds of causes were characteristic from the 1945-1950 intervals at time America took the lead to promote EU integration, largely within the Marshall Strategy. America seemed to be eventually left behind having minor choice, considering that the United Kingdom in addition to France the well- known alternatives in order to lead European countries -were of minor aid. Facing that issue, it turned out nearly left to America to supervise the EU post-war reconstruction upon quite a few levels. [14] The Marshall Plan: The particular Marshall Plan is usually viewed at the most productive episode in the record from the Cold War containment from the Soviet Partnership as well as communism inside European countries. The particular help to European countries used this economical as well as personal strength involving America to show rear ideological as well as politics menace, so that it was meant since over an endeavour to compliment this economic reconstruction involving European countries. National officials wished to refashion European countries in to a different model from the bundled single-market as well as blended capitalist overall economy of which currently was around in America. Therefore, this Marshall Plan was an expansion involving National household characteristics as well as foreign-policy targets stretching back to National record. Inside the fast ram from the plan’s coverage manufacturers were being this establishments from the Brand new Offer plus the policies from the time be tween the 2 globe competitions. Since Michael J. Hogan (1987) indicates, the item was to involve European countries into the almost generally overall economy of which shape which existed in America. Together with creating business multilateral, creating stock markets convertible, as well as permitting free-market causes in order to combine economic climates, national policymakers advised their transatlantic counterparts to prepare Western business revenue, financial panels, along with other devices involving capitalist economical setting up as well as regulation which were recognizable for them in America. National help was helpful to expose Western leaders for you to Keynesian tactics involving taxation as well as financial issues. In addition, it aimed for you to Americanize Western creation, promoting as well the engineering techniques. It was wished that this kind of parts as well as sites might make it easy for Europeans to sustain their restoration as well as result in high lo cated expectations. It was wished that a substantial, inner current market, similar to the one which was around in America, might generate economic climates involving range of well as well as increased costs involving production, combining in to a start multilateral program that might likewise always be best for the national organization. Hogan argues that by the means of these kind of as well as linked endeavours, the national leaders tried out for forging some sort of EU local community in which politics concerns might cave in for technocratic alternatives, downplaying redistributive politics battles for some sort of hunt for contributed great quantity – most by having an increased exposure of public-private strength sharing.[15] The Security factor and the US: It must not be disregarded that the European countries had been incorporated militarily, along with economic integration. After a couple of world wars have happened, the US was drawn into protection regarding liberal democracy with the European countries. National management had been more certain previously how the safety measures regarding the European countries had been intimately connected to their own safety measures and also well-being. The building blocks regarding armed forces safety measures had been constructed with the particular transatlantic connections. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) for example. National management discovered that EU fiscal and also protection integration included in a compacted internet regarding transatlantic corporations remaking post-World War II European countries. Following disappointment from the EU Defence community (EDC) in the 1950s, people in America made a decision to join the duty regarding protection on their own, even thoug h taking fiscal integration and resultant success just as one alternate route to safety measures. Stanley Sloan offered famous particular battling dynamics from the fundamental transatlantic agreement: along with the US promising continued guidance with EU safety measures in return for a EU motivation to be able to assimilate alone pertaining to equally outside protection and also interior stability. Evolving and also deepening the particular two-centuries-old fiscal connection would likely furthermore provide safety measures by simply leading to politics and also societal hyperlinks that would help to make conflict in between Germany and friends unbearable completely. Consequently, people in America supported EU integration since US people’s representatives presumed that process would likely bind jointly previous predators which will help prevent a different â€Å"civil conflict† in Europe. Naturally, one may find those that view the national mind-set in the direction of the European countries in the post-World war II time while a mixture of equally benevolence and also hegemony (according to Brimmer).[16] Conclusion: At last, there have been a number of components which have made integration appealing to the peoples of Europe. In the beginning, there were anxieties over the threat of Soviet attack, and worry of a re-armed Germany. Unity was glimpsed as a means of stopping both interior volatility and external aggression. In supplement, from the end of the Second World War right through to the present there has been a desire for financial prosperity, and financial implication on the world view. Finally, it can be seen that harmony has been thriving, the constituent states of the European Union are amidst the world’s most evolved countries, and this is a powerful draw for outsiders to search members. So while the Soviet risk is no longer truth integration is still an appealing prospect for many of Europe’s nations.[17] Bibliography: Ben Bradley 2012, Post-war European Integration: How We Got Here, e- International Relations. Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/15/post-war-european-integration-how-we-got-here/. Enrico Spolaore 2013, What Is European Integration Really About? A Political Guide for Economists, Tufts University and NBER (First Draft for the Journal of Economic Perspectives) p 5, available at: http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/Documents/Docs_workshops_2013/2013-05-30_4_SpolaoreEuro-1.pdf. Barry Eichengreen and Andrea Boltho 2007. The Economic Impact of European Integration. Available at: http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1679/papers/Boltho-Eichengreen-Chapter.pdf. John Taylor 2007, Motives for European Integration since 1945, world issues 360. available at: http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/motives-for-european-integration-since-1945-74142/. Wilfried Loth. Explaining European Integration: The contribution from Historians, available at: http://euij-kansai.jp/layouts/eu_sub/documents/publication/100508Loth_paper.pdf. Steven Ekovich 2009. American Views of European Integration: A brief history. The American University of Paris, Department of International and Comparative Politics, Paris, France, available at: http://oliver.efri.hr/~euconf/2009/docs/Session4/4%20Ekovich.pdf. Todd Alan Good 2001, Book review, H-Net: Humanities Social Sciences Online, available at: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=5009. [1]John Taylor 2007, Motives for European Integration since 1945, world issues 360. available at: http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/motives-for-european-integration-since-1945-74142/. Accessed on 28.12.2013 [2] Wilfried Loth. Explaining European Integration: The contribution from Historians, available at: http://euij-kansai.jp/layouts/eu_sub/documents/publication/100508Loth_paper.pdf. Accessed on: 28.12.2013, p 5 [3] Ben Bradley 2012, Post-war European Integration: How We Got Here, e- International Relations. Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/15/post-war-european-integration-how-we-got-here/. Accessed on: 28.12.2013 [4] John Taylor 2007, Motives for European Integration since 1945, world issues 360. available at: http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/motives-for-european-integration-since-1945-74142/. Accessed on 28.12.2013 [5] Enrico Spolaore 2013, What Is European Integration Really About? A Political Guide for Economists, Tufts University and NBER (First Draft for the Journal of Economic Perspectives) p 5, available at: http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/Documents/Docs_workshops_2013/2013-05-30_4_SpolaoreEuro-1.pdf. Accessed on: 30.12.2013 [6] Ibid. p 5 [7] Barry Eichengreen and Andrea Boltho 2007. The Economic Impact of European Integration. Available at: http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1679/papers/Boltho-Eichengreen-Chapter.pdf. Accessed 30.12.2013, P 2 [8] Enrico Spolaore 2013, What Is European Integration Really About? A Political Guide for Economists, Tufts University and NBER (First Draft for the Journal of Economic Perspectives) p 2, available at: http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/Documents/Docs_workshops_2013/2013-05-30_4_SpolaoreEuro-1.pdf. Accessed on: 30.12.2013 [9] Barry Eichengreen and Andrea Boltho 2007. The Economic Impact of European Integration. Available at: http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1679/papers/Boltho-Eichengreen-Chapter.pdf. Accessed 30.12.2013, P 15 [10] Wilfried Loth. Explaining European Integration: The contribution from Historians, available at: http://euij-kansai.jp/layouts/eu_sub/documents/publication/100508Loth_paper.pdf. Accessed on: 28.12.2013, p 6 [11] John Taylor 2007, Motives for European Integration since 1945, world issues 360. available at: http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/motives-for-european-integration-since-1945-74142/. Accessed on 28.12.2013 [12] Steven Ekovich 2009. American Views of European Integration: A brief history. The American University of Paris, Department of International and Comparative Politics, Paris, France, available at: http://oliver.efri.hr/~euconf/2009/docs/Session4/4%20Ekovich.pdf. Accessed on: 31.12.2013, p 1 [13] Ibid [14] Todd Alan Good 2001, Book review, H-Net: Humanities Social Sciences Online, available at: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=5009. Accessed on: 29.12.2013 [15] Ibid. p 6 [16] Steven Ekovich 2009. American Views of European Integration: A brief history. The American University of Paris, Department of International and Comparative Politics, Paris, France, available at: http://oliver.efri.hr/~euconf/2009/docs/Session4/4%20Ekovich.pdf. Accessed on: 31.12.2013, p 9 [17]John Taylor 2007, Motives for European Integration since 1945, world issues 360. available at: http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/motives-for-european-integration-since-1945-74142/. Accessed on 28.12.2013